Description
Introduction
You are a reader for Computer Science 181, which asks students to submit grammars that solve various
problems. However, many of the submitted grammars are trivially wrong, in several ways. Here is one. Some
grammars contain unreachable rules, that is, rules that can never be reached from the start symbol by applying
zero or more rules. Unreachable rules do not affect the language or parse trees generated by a grammar, so in
some sense they don’t make the answers wrong, but they’re noise and they make grading harder. You’d like to
filter out the noise, and just grade the useful parts of each grammar.
You’ve heard that OCaml is a good language for writing compilers and whatnot, so you decide to give it a try for
this application. While you’re at it, you have a background in fixed point and periodic point theory, so you decide
to give it a try too.
Definitions
fixed point
(of a function f) A point x such that f x = x. In this description we are using OCaml notation, in which
functions always have one argument and parentheses are not needed around arguments.
computed fixed point
(of a function f with respect to an initial point x) A fixed point of f computed by calculating x, f x, f (f
x), f (f (f x)), etc., stopping when a fixed point is found for f. If no fixed point is ever found by this
procedure, the computed fixed point is not defined for f and x.
periodic point
(of a function f with period p) A point x such that f (f … (f x)) = x, where there are p occurrences
of f in the call. That is, a periodic point is like a fixed point, except the function returns to the point after p
iterations instead of 1 iteration. Every point is a periodic point for p=0. A fixed point is a periodic point for
p=1.
computed periodic point
(of a function f with respect to a period p and an initial point x) A periodic point of f with period p,
computed by calculating x, f x, f (f x), f (f (f x)), etc., stopping when a periodic point with period p
is found for f. The computed periodic point need not be equal to x. If no periodic point is ever found by
this procedure, the computed periodic point is not defined for f, p, and x.
symbol
A symbol used in a grammar. It can be either a nonterminal symbol or a terminal symbol; each kind of
symbol has a value, whose type is arbitrary. A symbol has the following OCaml type:
type (‘nonterminal, ‘terminal) symbol =
| N of ‘nonterminal
| T of ‘terminal
right hand side
A list of symbols. It corresponds to the right hand side of a single grammar rule. A right hand side can be
empty.
rule
A pair, consisting of (1) a nonterminal value (the left hand side of the grammar rule) and (2) a right hand
side.
grammar
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A pair, consisting of a start symbol and a list of rules. The start symbol is a nonterminal value.
Assignment
Let’s warm up by modeling sets using OCaml lists. The empty list represents the empty set, and if the list t
represents the set T, then the list h::t represents the set {h}∪T. Although sets by definition do not contain
duplicates, the lists that represent sets can contain duplicates. Another set of warmup exercises will compute
fixed points. Finally, you can write a function that filters unreachable rules.
1. Write a function subset a b that returns true iff a⊆b, i.e., if the set represented by the list a is a subset of
the set represented by the list b. Every set is a subset of itself. This function should be generic to lists of
any type: that is, the type of subset should be a generalization of ‘a list -> ‘a list -> bool.
2. Write a function equal_sets a b that returns true iff the represented sets are equal.
3. Write a function set_union a b that returns a list representing a∪b.
4. Write a function set_intersection a b that returns a list representing a∩b.
5. Write a function set_diff a b that returns a list representing a−b, that is, the set of all members of a that
are not also members of b.
6. Write a function computed_fixed_point eq f x that returns the computed fixed point for f with respect
to x, assuming that eq is the equality predicate for f’s domain. A common case is that eq will be (=), that
is, the builtin equality predicate of OCaml; but any predicate can be used. If there is no computed fixed
point, your implementation can do whatever it wants: for example, it can print a diagnostic, or go into a
loop, or send nasty email messages to the user’s relatives.
7. OK, now for the real work. Write a function filter_reachable g that returns a copy of the grammar g
with all unreachable rules removed. This function should preserve the order of rules: that is, all rules that
are returned should be in the same order as the rules in g.
8. Supply at least one test case for each of the above functions in the style shown in the sample test cases
below. When testing the function F call the test cases my_F_test0, my_F_test1, etc. For example, for
subset your first test case should be called my_subset_test0. Your test cases should exercise all the
above functions, even though the sample test cases do not.
Your code should follow these guidelines:
1. Your code may use the Pervasives and List modules, but it should use no other modules other than your
own code.
2. It is OK (and indeed encouraged) for your solutions to be based on one another; for example, it is fine for
filter_reachable to use equal_sets and computed_fixed_point.
3. Your code should prefer pattern matching to conditionals when pattern matching is natural.
4. Your code should be free of side effects such as loops, assignment, input/output, incr, and decr. Use
recursion instead of loops.
5. Simplicity is more important than efficiency, but your code should avoid using unnecessary time and space
when it is easy to do so. For example, instead of repeating a expression, compute its value once and reuse
the computed value.
6. The test cases below should work with your program. You are unlikely to get credit for it otherwise.
Assess your work by writing a brief after-action report that summarizes why you solved the problem the way
you did, other approaches that you considered and rejected (and why you rejected them), and any weaknesses in
your solution in the context of its intended application. This report should be a plain text file that is no more than
2000 bytes long. See Resources for oral presentations and written reports for advice on how to write
assessments; admittedly much of the advice there is overkill for the simple kind of report we’re looking for here.
Submit
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Submit three files via CourseWeb. The file hw1.ml should implement the abovementioned functions, along with
any auxiliary types and functions; in particular, it should define the symbol type as shown above. The file
hw1test.ml should contain your test cases. The file hw1.txt should hold your assessment. Please do not put
your name, student ID, or other personally identifying information in your files.
Sample test cases
See hw1sample.ml for a copy of these tests.
let subset_test0 = subset [] [1;2;3]
let subset_test1 = subset [3;1;3] [1;2;3]
let subset_test2 = not (subset [1;3;7] [4;1;3])
let equal_sets_test0 = equal_sets [1;3] [3;1;3]
let equal_sets_test1 = not (equal_sets [1;3;4] [3;1;3])
let set_union_test0 = equal_sets (set_union [] [1;2;3]) [1;2;3]
let set_union_test1 = equal_sets (set_union [3;1;3] [1;2;3]) [1;2;3]
let set_union_test2 = equal_sets (set_union [] []) []
let set_intersection_test0 =
equal_sets (set_intersection [] [1;2;3]) []
let set_intersection_test1 =
equal_sets (set_intersection [3;1;3] [1;2;3]) [1;3]
let set_intersection_test2 =
equal_sets (set_intersection [1;2;3;4] [3;1;2;4]) [4;3;2;1]
let set_diff_test0 = equal_sets (set_diff [1;3] [1;4;3;1]) []
let set_diff_test1 = equal_sets (set_diff [4;3;1;1;3] [1;3]) [4]
let set_diff_test2 = equal_sets (set_diff [4;3;1] []) [1;3;4]
let set_diff_test3 = equal_sets (set_diff [] [4;3;1]) []
let computed_fixed_point_test0 =
computed_fixed_point (=) (fun x -> x / 2) 1000000000 = 0
let computed_fixed_point_test1 =
computed_fixed_point (=) (fun x -> x *. 2.) 1. = infinity
let computed_fixed_point_test2 =
computed_fixed_point (=) sqrt 10. = 1.
let computed_fixed_point_test3 =
((computed_fixed_point (fun x y -> abs_float (x -. y) < 1.)
(fun x -> x /. 2.)
10.)
= 1.25)
(* An example grammar for a small subset of Awk. *)
type awksub_nonterminals =
| Expr | Lvalue | Incrop | Binop | Num
let awksub_rules =
[Expr, [T”(“; N Expr; T”)”];
Expr, [N Num];
Expr, [N Expr; N Binop; N Expr];
Expr, [N Lvalue];
Expr, [N Incrop; N Lvalue];
Expr, [N Lvalue; N Incrop];
Lvalue, [T”$”; N Expr];
Incrop, [T”++”];
Incrop, [T”–“];
Binop, [T”+”];
Binop, [T”-“];
Num, [T”0″];
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Num, [T”1″];
Num, [T”2″];
Num, [T”3″];
Num, [T”4″];
Num, [T”5″];
Num, [T”6″];
Num, [T”7″];
Num, [T”8″];
Num, [T”9”]]
let awksub_grammar = Expr, awksub_rules
let awksub_test0 =
filter_reachable awksub_grammar = awksub_grammar
let awksub_test1 =
filter_reachable (Expr, List.tl awksub_rules) = (Expr, List.tl awksub_rules)
let awksub_test2 =
filter_reachable (Lvalue, awksub_rules) = (Lvalue, awksub_rules)
let awksub_test3 =
filter_reachable (Expr, List.tl (List.tl awksub_rules)) =
(Expr,
[Expr, [N Expr; N Binop; N Expr];
Expr, [N Lvalue];
Expr, [N Incrop; N Lvalue];
Expr, [N Lvalue; N Incrop];
Lvalue, [T “$”; N Expr];
Incrop, [T “++”];
Incrop, [T “–“];
Binop, [T “+”];
Binop, [T “-“]])
let awksub_test4 =
filter_reachable (Expr, List.tl (List.tl (List.tl awksub_rules))) =
(Expr,
[Expr, [N Lvalue];
Expr, [N Incrop; N Lvalue];
Expr, [N Lvalue; N Incrop];
Lvalue, [T “$”; N Expr];
Incrop, [T “++”];
Incrop, [T “–“]])
type giant_nonterminals =
| Conversation | Sentence | Grunt | Snore | Shout | Quiet
let giant_grammar =
Conversation,
[Snore, [T”ZZZ”];
Quiet, [];
Grunt, [T”khrgh”];
Shout, [T”aooogah!”];
Sentence, [N Quiet];
Sentence, [N Grunt];
Sentence, [N Shout];
Conversation, [N Snore];
Conversation, [N Sentence; T”,”; N Conversation]]
let giant_test0 =
filter_reachable giant_grammar = giant_grammar
let giant_test1 =
filter_reachable (Sentence, List.tl (snd giant_grammar)) =
(Sentence,
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[Quiet, []; Grunt, [T “khrgh”]; Shout, [T “aooogah!”];
Sentence, [N Quiet]; Sentence, [N Grunt]; Sentence, [N Shout]])
let giant_test2 =
filter_reachable (Quiet, snd giant_grammar) = (Quiet, [Quiet, []])
Sample use of test cases
When testing on SEASnet, use one of the machines lnxsrv06.seas.ucla.edu, lnxsrv07.seas.ucla.edu,
lnxsrv09.seas.ucla.edu, and lnxsrv10.seas.ucla.edu. Make sure /usr/local/cs/bin is at the start of
your path, so that you get the proper version of OCaml. To do this, append the following lines to your
$HOME/.profile file if you use bash or ksh:
export PATH=/usr/local/cs/bin:$PATH
or the following line to your $HOME/.login file if you use tcsh or csh:
set path=(/usr/local/cs/bin $path)
The command ocaml should output the version number 4.07.0.
If you put the sample test cases into a file hw1sample.ml, you should be able to use it as follows to test your
hw1.ml solution on the SEASnet implementation of OCaml. Similarly, the command #use “hw1test.ml”;;
should run your own test cases on your solution.
$ ocaml
Objective Caml version 4.07.0
# #use “hw1.ml”;;
type (‘a, ‘b) symbol = N of ‘a | T of ‘b
…
# #use “hw1sample.ml”;;
val subset_test0 : bool = true
val subset_test1 : bool = true
val subset_test2 : bool = true
val equal_sets_test0 : bool = true
val equal_sets_test1 : bool = true
val set_union_test0 : bool = true
val set_union_test1 : bool = true
val set_union_test2 : bool = true
val set_intersection_test0 : bool = true
val set_intersection_test1 : bool = true
val set_intersection_test2 : bool = true
val computed_fixed_point_test0 : bool = true
val computed_fixed_point_test1 : bool = true
val computed_fixed_point_test2 : bool = true
val computed_fixed_point_test3 : bool = true
type awksub_nonterminals = Expr | Lvalue | Incrop | Binop | Num
val awksub_rules :
(awksub_nonterminals * (awksub_nonterminals, string) symbol list) list =
[(Expr, [T “(“; N Expr; T “)”]); (Expr, [N Num]);
(Expr, [N Expr; N Binop; N Expr]); (Expr, [N Lvalue]);
(Expr, [N Incrop; N Lvalue]); (Expr, [N Lvalue; N Incrop]);
(Lvalue, [T “$”; N Expr]); (Incrop, [T “++”]); (Incrop, [T “–“]);
(Binop, [T “+”]); (Binop, [T “-“]); (Num, [T “0”]); (Num, [T “1”]);
(Num, [T “2”]); (Num, [T “3”]); (Num, [T “4”]); (Num, [T “5”]);
(Num, [T “6”]); (Num, [T “7”]); (Num, [T “8”]); (Num, [T “9”])]
val awksub_grammar :
awksub_nonterminals *
(awksub_nonterminals * (awksub_nonterminals, string) symbol list) list =
(Expr,
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[(Expr, [T “(“; N Expr; T “)”]); (Expr, [N Num]);
(Expr, [N Expr; N Binop; N Expr]); (Expr, [N Lvalue]);
(Expr, [N Incrop; N Lvalue]); (Expr, [N Lvalue; N Incrop]);
(Lvalue, [T “$”; N Expr]); (Incrop, [T “++”]); (Incrop, [T “–“]);
(Binop, [T “+”]); (Binop, [T “-“]); (Num, [T “0”]); (Num, [T “1”]);
(Num, [T “2”]); (Num, [T “3”]); (Num, [T “4”]); (Num, [T “5”]);
(Num, [T “6”]); (Num, [T “7”]); (Num, [T “8”]); (Num, [T “9”])])
val awksub_test0 : bool = true
val awksub_test1 : bool = true
val awksub_test2 : bool = true
val awksub_test3 : bool = true
val awksub_test4 : bool = true
type giant_nonterminals =
Conversation
| Sentence
| Grunt
| Snore
| Shout
| Quiet
val giant_grammar :
giant_nonterminals *
(giant_nonterminals * (giant_nonterminals, string) symbol list) list =
(Conversation,
[(Snore, [T “ZZZ”]); (Quiet, []); (Grunt, [T “khrgh”]);
(Shout, [T “aooogah!”]); (Sentence, [N Quiet]); (Sentence, [N Grunt]);
(Sentence, [N Shout]); (Conversation, [N Snore]);
(Conversation, [N Sentence; T “,”; N Conversation])])
val giant_test0 : bool = true
val giant_test1 : bool = true
val giant_test2 : bool = true
#
© 2006–2011, 2013–2018 Paul Eggert. See copying rules.
$Id: hw1.html,v 1.74 2018/09/28 05:24:25 eggert Exp $