Description
In this assignment, you are expected to design and implement a simple file system (SFS) that can be
mounted by the user under a directory in the user’s machine. You need to demonstrate this working only
in Linux for this assignment; however, using the same implementation you can get it working in other
Unix-like operating systems (e.g., OS X) with minimal modifications. The SFS introduces many limitations
such as restricted filename lengths, no user concept, no protection among files, no support for concurrent
access, etc. You could introduce additional restrictions in your design. However, such restrictions should
be reasonable to not oversimplify the implementation and should be documented in your submission.
Even with the said restrictions, the file system you are implementing is highly useable for embedded
applications. Here is a list of restrictions of the simple file system as specified in the handout:
• Limited length filenames (select an upper limit such as 16)
• Limited length file extensions (could be set to 3 – following the common extension length)
• No subdirectories (only a single root directory – this is a severe restriction – relaxing this would
enable your file system to run many applications)
• Your file system is implemented over an emulated disk system, which is provided to you.
Here is a schematic that illustrates the overall concept of the mountable simple file system.
The gray colored modules in the above schematic are provided by the Linux OS. The blue colored modules
are give to you as part of the support code provided as part of the assignment. You are expected to develop
the yellow colored module.
2. Objectives in detail
In reality, you could implement the SFS with your own API that implements the necessary functions
to interface with the FUSE wrapper provided as part of this assignment. However, for debugging
purposes, we suggest that you implement your file system such that it exposes the following API. The
additional test suite we provide with the assignment could be used to test your file system if you stick to the
proposed API. You can deviate even significantly from the proposed API; however, in that case you will
be responsible for modifying the test suite.
Linux
App
System.
Libraries
FUSE.Kernel
Module
FUSE.
Wrapper
Simple.File.
System
Disk.
Emul.
User.Space
Kernel.Space
ECSE427/COMP310 (Revision 2) Page 2 of 6
The suggested API for SFS is given below. The API is based on C language. It is strongly suggested
that you retain the functionality provided by the API if you decide to change it.
void mksfs(int fresh); // creates the file system
int sfs_getnextfilename(char *fname); // get the name of the next file in directory
int sfs_getfilesize(const char* path); // get the size of the given file
int sfs_fopen(char *name); // opens the given file
void sfs_fclose(int fileID); // closes the given file
void sfs_fwrite(int fileID,
char *buf, int length); // write buf characters into disk
void sfs_fread(int fileID,
char *buf, int length); // read characters from disk into buf
void sfs_fseek(int fileID,
int loc); // seek to the location from beginning
int sfs_remove(char *file); // removes a file from the filesystem
The mksfs() formats the virtual disk implemented by the disk emulator and creates an instance of the
simple file system on top of it. The mksfs() has a fresh flag to signal that the file system should be created
from scratch. If flag is false, the file system is opened from the disk (i.e., we assume that a valid file system
is already there in the file system. The support for persistence is important so you can reuse existing data
or create a new file system.
The sfs_getnextfilename(char *fname) copies the name of the next file in the directory into fname
and returns non zero if there is a new file. Once all the files have been returned, this function returns 0. So,
you should be able to use this function to loop through the directory. In implementing this function, you
need to ensure that the function remembers the current position in the directory at each call. Remember in
SFS we have a single-level directory. The sfs_getfilesize(char *path) returns the size of a given file.
The sfs_fopen() opens a file and returns the index that corresponds to the newly opened file in the file
descriptor table. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file and sets its size to 0. If the file exists, the file
is opened in append mode (i.e., set the file pointer to the end of the file). The sfs_fclose() closes a file,
i.e., removes the entry from the open file descriptor table. The sfs_fwrite() writes the given number of
bytes of buffered data in buf into the open file, starting from the current file pointer. This in effect could
increase the size of the file by the given number of bytes (it may not increase the file size by the number of
bytes written if the write pointer is located at a location other than the end of the file). The sfs_fseek()
moves the read/write pointer (a single pointer in SFS) to the given location. The sfs_remove() removes the
file from the directory entry, releases the file allocation table entries and releases the data blocks used by
the file, so that they can be used by new files in the future.
A file system is somewhat different from other components because it maintains data structures in
memory as well as disk! The disk data structures are important to manage the space in disk and allocate and
de-allocate the disk space in an intelligent manner. Also, the disk data structures indicate where a file is
allocated. This information is necessary to access the file.
3. Implementation strategy
The disk emulator given to you provides a constant-cost disk (CCdisk). This CCdisk can be considered
as an array of sectors (blocks of fixed size). You can randomly access any given sector for reading or
writing. The CCdisk is implemented as a file on the actual file system. Therefore, the data you store in the
CCdisk is persistent across program invocations. To mimic the real disk, the CCdisk is divided into sectors
ECSE427/COMP310 (Revision 2) Page 3 of 6
of fixed size. For example, we can split the space into 512 byte sectors. The number of sectors times the
size of a sector gives the total size of the disk. In addition to holding the actual file and directory data, we
need to store auxiliary data (meta data) that describes the files and directories in the disk. The structure and
number of bytes spent on meta data storage depends on the file system design, which is the concern in this
assignment.
On-disk data structures of the file system include a “super” block, the root directory, free block list,
and i-Node table. The figure below shows a schematic of the on-disk organization of SFS.
The super block defines the file system geometry. It is also the first block in SFS. So the super block
needs to have some form of identification to inform the program what type of file system format is followed
for storing the data. The figure below shows the proposed structure for the super block. We expect your file
system to implement these features, but some modifications are acceptable provided they are well
documented. Each field in the figure is 4 bytes long. For instance, the magic number field is 4 bytes long.
With a 512-byte long block (recommended size), we can see that there will plenty of unused space in the
super block.
A file or directory in SFS is defined by an i-Node. Remember we simplified the SFS by just having a
single root directory (no subdirectories). This root directory is pointed to by an i-Node, which is pointed to
by the super block. The i-Node structure we use here is slightly simplified too. It does not have the double
and triple indirect pointers. It has direct and single indirect pointers. With the i-Node all the meta
information (size, mode, ownership) can be associated with the i-Node. So, the directory entry can be pretty
simple. The figure below shows the simplified i-Node structure.
We are suggesting the i-Node structure shown above to maintain a semblance of similarity to the UNIX
file system. However, the simplification made to the SFS i-Nodes already makes it impossible to read or
write the SFS using UNIX software or vice-versa.
Super&
Block I-node&Table Data&Blocks Free&BitMap
Magic&(0xAABB0005)
Block&Size&(512)
File&System&Size&(#&blks)
i=Node&Table&Length&(#&blks)
Root&Directory&(i=Node&#)
Unused
mode
link)cnt
uid
gid
size
pointer)1
pointer)2
…
pointer)12
ind. pointer
ECSE427/COMP310 (Revision 2) Page 4 of 6
The directory is a mapping table to convert the file name to the i-Node. Remember a file name can
have an extension too. You can limit the extension to 3 characters max. The file name (without extension)
could be limited as well (16 characters is suggested). A directory entry is a structure that contains two fields
(at least): i-Node and file name. You could add other fields (if you find necessary). Remember the i-Node
also has some attributes such as mode, etc. Depending on the number of entries you have in the directory,
the directory could be spanning across multiple blocks in the disk. The i-Node pointing to the root directory
is stored in the super block so we know how to access the root directory. We assume that the SFS root
directory would not grow larger than the max file size we could accommodate in SFS.
In addition to the on-disk data structures, we need a set of in-memory data structures to implement the
file system. The in-memory data structures improve the performance of the file system by caching the on
disk information in memory. Two data structures should be used in this assignment: directory table and iNode cache. The directory table keeps a copy of the directory block in memory. Don’t make the
simplification of limiting the root directory to a single block (this would severely restrict the size of the disk
– by limiting the number of files in disk). Instead, you could either read the whole directory into the memory
or have a cache for the currently used directory block. The later one could be hard to get right.
Further, when you want to create, delete, read, or write a file, first operation is to find the appropriate
directory entry. Therefore, directory table is a highly accessed data structure and is a good candidate to keep
in memory. Another data structure to cache in the memory is the free block list. See the class notes for
different implementation strategies for the free block list.
The figure below shows the in-memory data structure and how it connects to the other components.
We need at least a table that combines the open file descriptor tables (the per-process one and system-wide
one) in a UNIX-like operating system. We simplify the situation because we assume that only one process
is accessing a file at any given time.
When a file is opened we create an entry in this table. The index of the newly created entry is the “file
descriptor” that is return by the file opening activity. That is the return value of the sfs_fopen() is this
index. The entry created in the file descriptor table has at least two pieces of important information: i-Node
number and a read/write pointer. The i-Node number is the one that is the one that corresponds to the file.
Remember just like there is an i-Node for the root directory, there is one i-Node associated with each file.
When a file is opened that i-Node is number is recorded in this table entry. The read/write pointer is also
set according to the file system operating rule. For instance, in this assignment (SFS), you are going to set
the read/write pointer to the end of the file at open so that data written into the file will be appended to the
file. In SFS, sfs_fseek() is a direct way of setting the read/write pointer value. The interesting problem
you could be faced with is what to do when you perform a read or write after setting the read/write pointer.
Specifically, if we have a single pointer then sfs_fread() would also advance the “write” pointer and
similarly sfs_fwrite() would advance the “read” pointer as well. We can simplify the complexity and let
it be that way. You could opt to implement the SFS with two independent read and write pointers as well.
In that case, the sfs_fseek() needs to have a parameter to specify whether the read, write, or both pointers
should be moved by the seek operation.
As shown in the figure below, we have in-memory data structures and on-disk data structures in a file
system. The in-memory data structures are activated as soon as the file system is up and running and they
are updated every time a file system operation is carried out. While designing and implementing a given
file system operation you need to think of the actions that should be carried out on the in-memory and ondisk data structures. In addition to the Open File Descriptor Table, we have variety of different caches for
i-Nodes, disk blocks and the root directory. Your design could implement all of them or some of them. File
system performance is not a concern for this assignment – correct operation is what we need.
ECSE427/COMP310 (Revision 2) Page 5 of 6
Rough pseudo code for creating a file:
1. Allocate and initialize an i-Node. You need to somehow remember the state of the i-Node table to
know which i-Node could be allocated for the newly created file. Simply remembering the last iNode used is not correct because as you delete files, some i-Nodes in the middle of the table will
become unused and available for reuse.
2. Write the mapping between the i-Node and file name in the root directory. You could simply update
the memory and disk copies.
3. No disk data block allocated. File size is set to 0.
4. This can also “open” the file for transactions (read and write). Note that the SFS API does not have
a separate create() call. So you can do this activity as part of the open() call.
Rough pseudo code for writing to a file:
1. Allocate disk blocks (mark them as allocated in your free block list).
2. Modify the file’s i-Node to point to these blocks.
3. Write the data the user gives to these blocks.
4. Flush all modifications to disk.
5. Note that all writes to disk are at block sizes. If you are writing few bytes into a file, this might
actually end up writing a block to next. So if you are writing to an existing file, it is important you
read the last block and set the write pointer to the end of file. The bytes you want to write goes to
the end of the previous bytes that are already part of the file. After you have written the bytes, you
flush the block to the disk.
Rough pseudo code to seek on a file:
1. Modify the read and write pointers in memory. There is nothing to be done on disk!
sfs_fopen()
i-Node Read/Write Pointer
i-Node Table
in Memory (cached)
Directory
Cache
Disk Block
Cache
In-memory data structures
On-disk data structures:
super block, i-Nodes,
directories, data blocks,
free bitmap
Open File
Descriptor Table
ECSE427/COMP310 (Revision 2) Page 6 of 6
4. What to Hand In
We have given you a Makefile, disk emulator (C and Header), SFS test files, and FUSE wrappers. The
Makefile shown below has three configurations. The first two use hand coded test files to test your
implementation. Getting your implementing running with these two test files will get you a maximum of
85% grade. If you get it working with all three tests you can get a maximum of 100%. We could test your
implementation with other (private) tests. Note you should edit the EXECUTABLE value to reflect your
name.
Also with the assignment package, we have given a working SFS file system that uses FUSE. You can
use this file system in the Trottier Lab machines. Log into the labX-Y.cs.mcgill.ca machines. Change to
the /tmp directory. Create a temporary directory there (e.g., mytemp). Now run the command
MyFilesystem_sfs mytemp
Run the ls command on mytemp and you will see nothing – it is an empty directory. That is the file system
is empty. Now you copy some files over there or launch an editor like vi or emacs and create some files.
You will see fs.sfs file in the folder where you ran the MyFilesystem_sfs from. This file is your file system.
The data in the files you copied or created are stored over here. To check the contents of the file, load it into
an editor that will let you examine binary data (e.g., emacs). To un-mount the file system, find the process
that is running the file system and kill it.
CFLAGS = -c -g -Wall -std=gnu99 `pkg-config fuse –cflags –libs`
LDFLAGS = `pkg-config fuse –cflags –libs`
# Uncomment one of the following lines to run the corresponding scenario
#SOURCES= disk_emu.c sfs_api.c sfs_test.c sfs_api.h
#SOURCES= disk_emu.c sfs_api.c sfs_test2.c sfs_api.h
SOURCES= disk_emu.c sfs_api.c fuse_wrappers.c sfs_api.h
OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
EXECUTABLE=First_Lastname_sfs
all: $(SOURCES) $(HEADERS) $(EXECUTABLE)
$(EXECUTABLE): $(OBJECTS)
gcc $(OBJECTS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
.c.o:
gcc $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
clean:
rm -rf *.o *~ $(EXECUTABLE)