Description
The goal of this lab is to do resource allocation using both an optimistic resource manager and the
banker’s algorithm of Dijkstra. The optimistic resource manager is simple: Satisfy a request if possible, if
not make the task wait; when a release occurs, try to satisfy pending requests in a FIFO manner.
Your program takes one command line argument, the name of file containing the input. After reading
(all) the input, the program performs two simulations: one with the optimistic manager and one with the
banker. Output is written to stdout (the screen). Input files for thirteen required runs are available on the
web, together with the expected output. We will test your program on additional runs as well.
The input begins with two values T, the number of tasks, and R, the number of resource types, followed
by R additional values, the number of units present of each resource type. (If you set ‘‘arbitrary limits’’ on
say T or R, you must, document this in your readme, check that the input satisfies the limits, print an error
if it does not, and set the limits high enough so that the required inputs all pass.) Then come multiple
inputs, each representing the next activity of a specific task. The possible activities are initiate, request,
release, and terminate. Time is measured in fixed units called cycles and, for simplicity, no fractional cycles
are used. The manager can process one activity (initiate, request, or release) for each task in one cycle.
However, the terminate activity does NO T require a cycle.
To ease the programming,Ihave specified all activities to have the same format, namely a string followed by four unsigned integers.
The initiate activity (which must precede all others for that task) is written
initiate task-number delay resource-type initial-claim
(The optimistic manager ignores the claim.) If there are R resource types, there are R initiate activities for
each task, each requiring one cycle. The delay value is not used for initiate; I include it so that all activities
have the same format.
The request and release activities are written
request task-number delay resource-type number-requested
release task-number delay resource-type number-released
The delay value represents the number of cycles between the completion of the previous activity for this
process and the beginning of the current activity. For example, assume the previous activity was a request
and the current activity is a release with a delay of 6. Then, after the request is satisfied, the process is
delayed 6 cycles before making the release (presumably the task was computing during these 6 cycles, but
that is not relevant to the manager and hence not relevant for the lab). The process retains its resources
during the delay.
Finally the terminate operation, which does NO T require a cycle is written
terminate task-number delay unused unused
The last two values are not used; I include them so that all activities have the same format.
Commenting Your Program
You must include enough high-level comments in your program so that a reader (e.g., the grader) who is
expert in the programming language you use and knowledgeable about resource management can understand the basic operation of your program. For example, you should make clear when you are checking for
safety, when you are checking for deadlock, when you are releasing a previously blocked task, etc. You must
also supply comments for your major data structures.
Each function/procedure/method you write must have an introductory comment stating what the procedure does and how it does it (at a high level).
Note that these required comments will form a (small) portion of the grade for this lab.
Input
As in lab 1 (linker) we use free form input. Hence a single activity may span several lines and (parts of) several activities may be on one line. For lab 3 I advise you to read all the data before processing. The data for
each task occurs in order, but the tasks themselves may be interspersed. Input set 1, on the web and
reprinted below, has all of task one followed by all of task two. Input set 8, on the web, represents the same
run but the lines for tasks one and two are interleaved.
Lab 3−Banker Operating Systems−Allan Gottlieb Page 2
Running your program
Your program must read its input from a file, whose name is given as a command line argument. The format
of the input is shown above; sample inputs are on the web.
Output
At the end of the run, print, for each task, the time taken, the waiting time, and the percentage of time spent
waiting. Also print the total time for all tasks, the total waiting time, and the overall percentage of time
spent waiting.
Error Checks
When implementing banker’s algorithm, if a task’s initial claim exceeds the resources present or if, during
execution, a task’s requests exceed its claims, print an informative message, abort the task, and release all
its resources. This does not apply to the optimistic allocator since it does not have the concept of initial
claim.
Deadlock
Deadlock cannot occur for banker’s algorithm, but can for the optimistic resource manager. If deadlock is
detected, print a message and abort the lowest numbered deadlocked task after releasing all its resources. If
deadlock remains, print another message and abort the next lowest numbered deadlocked task, etc.
We learned sophisticated algorithms for detecting deadlock. You are NO T expected to implement one
of these. Instead you should use the following simple algorithm that detects a deadlock when all non-terminated tasks have outstanding requests that the manager cannot satisfy. Note that, if a deadlock actually
occurs during cycle n, you may not detect it until much later since there may be non-deadlocked processes
running. If you detect the deadlock at cycle k, you abort the task(s) at cycle k and hence its/their resources
become available at cycle k+1. This simple deadlock detection algorithm is not used in practice.
Important Note
Items returned at time n are not available until time n+1, For example, if task 1 returns 10 units during
cycle 6-7 and task 3 requests 10 units during that same cycle, the 10 units returned by task 1 are not available for the optimistic manager to give out and, when the banker makes its safety check, these 10 units are
not considered available. They become available at time 7 for use in cycle 7-8.
The first data set
The input for the first run is.
214
initiate 1 014
request 1 011
release 1 011
terminate 1 0 0 0
initiate 2 014
request 2 011
release 2 011
terminate 2 0 0 0
The first line asserts that this run has 2 tasks and 1 resource type with 4 units.
The next line indicates that the run begins (at cycle 0-1, the cycle starting at 0 and ending at 1) with task 1
claiming (all) 4 units of resource 1. Further down on line 6 we see that task 2 also claims 4 units of resource
1 during cycle 0-1.
From lines 3 and 7 we learn that each task requests a unit during cycle 1-2 and returns that unit during the
next cycle after the request is granted. For the optimistic manager, the request is granted at 2 (the end of
cycle 1-2) and the resource is returned during 2-3.
Input 1 has all delays zero. For the optimistic manager each task terminates at time 3.