Description
In this lab we will develop a Web server in two steps. In the end, you will have built a multi-threaded Web
server that is capable of processing multiple simultaneous service requests in parallel.
You should be
able to demonstrate that your Web server is capable of delivering your home page to a Web browser.
We are going to implement version 1.0 of HTTP, as defined in RFC 1945 (http://www.rfceditor.org/rfc/rfc1945.txt) , where separate HTTP requests are sent for each component of the Web page.
The server will be able to handle multiple simultaneous service requests in parallel. This means that the
Web server is multi-threaded. In the main thread, the server listens to a fixed port. When it receives a
TCP connection request, it sets up a TCP connection through another port and services the request in a
separate thread.
To simplify this programming task, we will develop the code in two stages. In the first
stage, you will write a multi-threaded server that simply displays the contents of the HTTP request
message that it receives. After this program is running properly, you will add the code required to
generate an appropriate response.
As you are developing the code, you can test your server from a Web browser. But remember that you
are not serving through the standard port 80, so you need to specify the port number within the URL that
you give to your browser.
For example, if your machine’s name is host.someschool.edu , your server is
listening to port 6789, and you want to retrieve the file index.html , then you would specify the following
URL within the browser:
http://host.someschool.edu:6789/index.html
If you omit “:6789”, the browser will assume port 80 which most likely will not have a server listening on
it.
When the server encounters an error, it sends a response message with the appropriate HTML source
so that the error information is displayed in the browser window.
Important Note: You will turn in three Java files that will be
tested separately for each part of the lab. Thus it’s important that
you save your finished work after each lab. You will not be given
credit for the earlier parts of the lab if you do not follow these
instructions.
Web Server in Java: Part A
In the following steps, we will go through the code for the first implementation of our Web Server.
Wherever you see “?”, you will need to supply a missing detail.
Our first implementation of the Web server will be multi-threaded, where the processing of each
incoming request will take place inside a separate thread of execution. This allows the server to service
multiple clients in parallel, or to perform multiple file transfers to a single client in parallel. When we
create a new thread of execution, we need to pass to the Thread’s constructor an instance of some class
that implements the Runnable interface. This is the reason that we define a separate class called
HttpRequest .
The structure of the Web server is shown below:
import java.io.* ;
import java.net.* ;
import java.util.* ;
public final class WebServer
{
public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception
{
. . .
}
}
final class HttpRequest implements Runnable
{
. . .
}
Normally, Web servers process service requests that they receive through well-known port number 80.
You can choose any port higher than 1024, but remember to use the same port number when making
requests to your Web server from your browser.
public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception
{
// Set the port number.
int port = 6789;
. . .
}
Next, we open a socket and wait for a TCP connection request. Because we will be servicing request
messages indefinitely, we place the listen operation inside of an infinite loop. This means we will have to
terminate the Web server by pressing ^C on the keyboard.
// Establish the listen socket.
?
// Process HTTP service requests in an infinite loop.
while (true) {
// Listen for a TCP connection request.
?
. . .
}
When a connection request is received, we create an HttpRequest object, passing to its constructor a
reference to the Socket object that represents our established connection with the client.
// Construct an object to process the HTTP request message.
HttpRequest request = new HttpRequest( ? );
// Create a new thread to process the request.
Thread thread = new Thread(request);
// Start the thread.
thread.start();
In order to have the HttpRequest object handle the incoming HTTP service request in a separate thread,
we first create a new Thread object, passing to its constructor a reference to the HttpRequest object, and
then call the thread’s start() method.
After the new thread has been created and started, execution in the main thread returns to the top of the
message processing loop. The main thread will then block, waiting for another TCP connection request,
while the new thread continues running. When another TCP connection request is received, the main
thread goes through the same process of thread creation regardless of whether the previous thread has
finished execution or is still running.
This completes the code in main() . For the remainder of the lab, it remains to develop the HttpRequest
class.
We declare two variables for the HttpRequest class: CRLF and socket . According to the HTTP
specification, we need to terminate each line of the server’s response message with a carriage return
(CR) and a line feed (LF), so we have defined CRLF as a convenience.
The variable socket will be used
to store a reference to the connection socket, which is passed to the constructor of this class. The
structure of the HttpRequest class is shown below:
final class HttpRequest implements Runnable
{
final static String CRLF = “\r\n”;
Socket socket;
// Constructor
public HttpRequest(Socket socket) throws Exception
{
this.socket = socket;
}
// Implement the run() method of the Runnable interface.
public void run()
{
. . .
}
private void processRequest() throws Exception
{
. . .
}
}
In order to pass an instance of the HttpRequest class to the Thread ‘s constructor, HttpRequest must
implement the Runnable interface, which simply means that we must define a public method called run()
that returns void . Most of the processing will take place within processRequest() , which is called from
within run() .
Up until this point, we have been throwing exceptions, rather than catching them. However, we can not
throw exceptions from run() , because we must strictly adhere to the declaration of run() in the
Runnable interface, which does not throw any exceptions. We will place all the processing code in
processRequest() , and from there, throw exceptions to run() . Within run() , we explicitly catch and
handle exceptions with a try/catch block.
// Implement the run() method of the Runnable interface.
public void run()
{
try {
processRequest();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
Now, let’s develop the code within processRequest() . We first obtain references to the socket’s input and
output streams. Then we wrap InputStreamReader and BufferedReader filters around the input stream.
However, we won’t wrap any filters around the output stream, because we will be writing bytes directly
into the output stream.
private void processRequest() throws Exception
{
// Get a reference to the socket’s input and output streams.
InputStream is = ?;
DataOutputStream os = ?;
// Set up input stream filters.
?
BufferedReader br = ?;
. . .
}
Now we are prepared to get the client’s request message, which we do by reading from the socket’s
input stream. The readLine() method of the BufferedReader class will extract characters from the input
stream until it reaches an end-of-line character, or in our case, the end-of-line character sequence CRLF.
The first item available in the input stream will be the HTTP request line.
// Get the request line of the HTTP request message.
String requestLine = ?;
// Display the request line.
System.out.println();
System.out.println(requestLine);
After obtaining the request line of the message header, we obtain the header lines. Since we don’t know
ahead of time how many header lines the client will send, we must get these lines within a looping
operation.
// Get and display the header lines.
String headerLine = null;
while ((headerLine = br.readLine()).length() != 0) {
System.out.println(headerLine);
}
We don’t need the header lines, other than to print them to the screen, so we use a temporary String
variable, headerLine , to hold a reference to their values. The loop terminates when the expression
(headerLine = br.readLine()).length()
evaluates to zero, which will occur when headerLine has zero length. This will happen when the empty
line terminating the header lines is read.
In the next step of this lab, we will add code to analyze the client’s request message and send a
response. But before we do this, let’s try compiling our program and testing it with a browser. Add the
following lines of code to close the streams and socket connection.
// Close streams and socket.
os.close();
br.close();
socket.close();
After your program successfully compiles, run it with an available port number, and try contacting it from
a browser. To do this, you should enter into the browser’s address text box the IP address of your
running server. For example, if your machine name is host.someschool.edu , and you ran the server with
port number 6789, then you would specify the following URL:
http://host.someschool.edu:6789/
The server should display the contents of the HTTP request message. Check that it matches the
message format.
Web Server in Java: Part B
Instead of simply terminating the thread after displaying the browser’s HTTP request message, we will
analyze the request and send an appropriate response. We are going to ignore the information in the
header lines, and use only the file name contained in the request line. In fact, we are going to assume
that the request line always specifies the GET method, and ignore the fact that the client may be sending
some other type of request, such as HEAD or POST.
We extract the file name from the request line with the aid of the StringTokenizer class. First, we create a
StringTokenizer object that contains the string of characters from the request line. Second, we skip over
the method specification, which we have assumed to be “GET”. Third, we extract the file name.
// Extract the filename from the request line.
StringTokenizer tokens = new StringTokenizer(requestLine);
tokens.nextToken(); // skip over the method, which should be “GET”
String fileName = tokens.nextToken();
// Prepend a “.” so that file request is within the current directory.
fileName = “.” + fileName;
Because the browser precedes the filename with a slash, we prefix a dot so that the resulting pathname
starts within the current directory.
Now that we have the file name, we can open the file as the first step in sending it to the client. If the file
does not exist, the FileInputStream() constructor will throw the FileNotFoundException . Instead of throwing
this possible exception and terminating the thread, we will use a try/catch construction to set the boolean
variable fileExists to false. Later in the code, we will use this flag to construct an error response
message, rather than try to send a nonexistent file.
// Open the requested file.
FileInputStream fis = null;
boolean fileExists = true;
try {
fis = new FileInputStream(fileName);
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
fileExists = false;
}
There are three parts to the response message: the status line, the response headers, and the entity
body. The status line and response headers are terminated by the character sequence CRLF. We are
going to respond with a status line, which we store in the variable statusLine , and a single response
header, which we store in the variable contentTypeLine .
In the case of a request for a nonexistent file, we
return 404 Not Found in the status line of the response message, and include an error message in the
form of an HTML document in the entity body.
// Construct the response message.
String statusLine = null;
String contentTypeLine = null;
String entityBody = null;
if (fileExists) {
statusLine = ?;
contentTypeLine = “Content-type: ” +
contentType( fileName ) + CRLF;
} else {
statusLine = ?;
contentTypeLine = ?;
entityBody = “<HTML>” +
“<HEAD><TITLE>Not Found</TITLE></HEAD>” +
“<BODY>Not Found</BODY></HTML>”;
}
When the file exists, we need to determine the file’s MIME type and send the appropriate MIME-type
specifier. We make this determination in a separate private method called contentType() , which returns a
string that we can include in the content type line that we are constructing.
Now we can send the status line and our single header line to the browser by writing into the socket’s
output stream.
// Send the status line.
os.writeBytes(statusLine);
// Send the content type line.
os.writeBytes(?);
// Send a blank line to indicate the end of the header lines.
os.writeBytes(CRLF);
Now that the status line and header line with delimiting CRLF have been placed into the output stream
on their way to the browser, it is time to do the same with the entity body. If the requested file exists, we
call a separate method to send the file. If the requested file does not exist, we send the HTML-encoded
error message that we have prepared.
// Send the entity body.
if (fileExists) {
sendBytes(fis, os);
fis.close();
} else {
os.writeBytes(?);
}
After sending the entity body, the work in this thread has finished, so we close the streams and socket
before terminating.
We still need to code the two methods that we have referenced in the above code, namely, the method
that determines the MIME type, contentType() , and the method that writes the requested file onto the
socket’s output stream. Let’s first take a look at the code for sending the file to the client.
private static void sendBytes(FileInputStream fis, OutputStream os)
throws Exception
{
// Construct a 1K buffer to hold bytes on their way to the socket.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int bytes = 0;
// Copy requested file into the socket’s output stream.
while((bytes = fis.read(buffer)) != -1 ) {
os.write(buffer, 0, bytes);
}
}
Both read() and write() throw exceptions. Instead of catching these exceptions and handling them in
our code, we throw them to be handled by the calling method.
The variable, buffer , is our intermediate storage space for bytes on their way from the file to the output
stream. When we read the bytes from the FileInputStream , we check to see if read() returns minus one,
indicating that the end of the file has been reached. If the end of the file has not been reached, read()
returns the number of bytes that have been placed into buffer .
We use the write() method of the
OutputStream class to place these bytes into the output stream, passing to it the name of the byte array,
buffer , the starting point in the array, 0 , and the number of bytes in the array to write, bytes .
The final piece of code needed to complete the Web server is a method that will examine the extension
of a file name and return a string that represents it’s MIME type. If the file extension is unknown, we
return the type application/octet-stream .
private static String contentType(String fileName)
{
if(fileName.endsWith(“.htm”) || fileName.endsWith(“.html”)) {
return “text/html”;
}
if(?) {
?;
}
if(?) {
?;
}
return “application/octet-stream”;
}
There is a lot missing from this method. For instance, nothing is returned for GIF or JPEG files. You may
want to add the missing file types yourself, so that the components of your home page are sent with the
content type correctly specified in the content type header line. For GIFs the MIME type is image/gif and
for JPEGs it is image/jpeg .
This completes the code for the second phase of development of your Web server. Try running the
server from the directory where your home page is located, and try viewing your home page files with a
browser. Remember to include a port specifier in the URL of your home page, so that your browser
doesn’t try to connect to the default port 80. When you connect to the running web server with the
browser, examine the GET message requests that the web server receives from the browser.
Web Server in Java: Part C
In part C we will add some of what is missing from part B.
Your final version must:
1. Implement MIME types for GIF and JPEG files
2. Properly process HEAD and GET requests in the sense that you will respond as in part A for a HEAD
request and part B for a GET request.
3. Respond with the following error codes:
1. 404 : When a resource is not found
2. 405 : When any method other than HEAD or GET is requested
This completes the code for the third phase of development of your web server.
Submission Details
Submit the three Java files, one for each part of the lab. Name the public class WebServerA,
WebServerB, and WebServerC respectively. Thus you will submit WebAerverA.java,
WebServerB.java, and WebServerC.java
Single Source Executable
Your Java programs must be configured as a Java 11 Single Source Executable. This means that you
should be able to type java <WebServerA.java> and the Java compiler will run your program as a script.
As discussed in class this means that you should include both classes in each Java file. If you place the
WebServer class at the top of the file then you should not have any problems. Note that the name of the
class does not have to match the filename for single source executable format. In other words you do
not have to name your main class, e.g., WebServerA. You simply need to save each iteration in a file
with the correct name.