Description
Preparation
Launch the Logisim application to begin. To do this, type ‘logisim’ from the hive machines.
You can learn about Logisim beyond the scope of this lab (or download it to use at home) from the
Logisim website.
Exercises
Part 0: The Basics (Warm-Up)
We’ll begin by creating a very simple circuit just to get the feel for placing gates and wires.
1. Start by clicking the “AND gate” button. This will cause the shadow of an AND gate to
follow your cursor around. Click once within the main schematic window to place an AND
gate.
2. Click the “Input Pin” button. Now, place two input pins somewhere to the left of your AND
gate.
3. Click the “Output Pin” button. Then place an output pin somewhere to the right of your
AND gate. Your schematic should look something like this at this point:
4. Click the “Select tool” button. Click and drag to connect the input pins to the left side of
the AND gate. This will take several steps, as you can only draw vertical and horizontal wires.
Just draw a wire horizontally, release the mouse button, then click and drag down starting
from the end of the wire to continue vertically. You can attach the wire to any pin on the AND
gate on the left side. Repeat the same procedure to connect the output (right side) of the And
Gate to the LED. After completing these steps your schematic should look roughly like this:
You can also change the number of inputs of the “AND gate” by clicking it using the select
tool and changing the properties in the bottom left segment of the window. This can also be
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done before you put down the component.
5. Finally, click the “Poke” tool and try clicking on the input pins in your schematic. Observe
what happens. Does this match with what you think an AND Gate should do?
Part 1: Sub-Circuits
Just as C programs can contain helper functions, a schematic can contain subcircuits. In this part of
the lab, we will create several subcircuits to demonstrate their use.
1. Create a new schematic (File->New) for your work.
2. Create a new subcircuit (Project->Add Circuit ). You will be prompted for a name for the
subcircuit; call it NAND.
3. In the new schematic window that you see create a simple NAND circuit with 2 input pins on
the left side and an output pin on the right side. Do this without using the built-in NAND
gate from the Gates folder (i.e. only use the gates provided next to the selection tool icon).
You can change the labels for the inputs and output by selecting the input/output using the
select tool and changing the property “Label” in the bottom left of the window.
4. Go back to your “main” schematic by double-clicking “main” in the circuit selector at the left
of the screen. Your original (blank) schematic will now be displayed, but your NAND circuit
has been stored.
5. Now, single click the word “NAND” in the list. This will tell Logisim that you wish to add your
“NAND” circuit into your “main” circuit.
6. Try placing your NAND circuit into the “main” schematic. If you did it correctly, you should
see a gate with 2 input pins on the left and one output pin on the right. Try hooking input
pins and output pins up to these and see if it works as you expect.
7. Repeat these steps to create several more subcircuits: NOR, XOR, 2-to 1-MUX, and 4-to-1
MUX. Do not use any built in gates other than AND, OR, and NOT. However, once you’ve built
a subcircuit, you may use it to build others.
Hint: Try writing a truth table. You might also find the lecture slides useful for a refresher on
how to build these. You may want to consider using some of your custom subcircuits when
designing the others.
Checkof
Show your five circuits (NAND, NOR, XOR, 2-to-1 MUX, and 4-to-1 MUX) to your TA.
Part 2: Storing State
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Let’s implement the circuit we’ve been talking about in lecture that increments a value ad infinitum.
The diference between this circuit and the circuits you’ve built for lab so far is that you need some
registers. The following will show you how to add registers to your circuit.
1. Create a new subcircuit (Project->Add Circuit). Name this new subcircuit, AddMachine.
2. Load in the Arithmetic Library if it is not already loaded (go to Project->Load Library->Built
in Library and select “Arithmetic”). This library contains elements that will perform basic
mathematical operations. When you load the library, the circuit browser at left will have a new
“Arithmetic” folder.
3. Select the adder subcircuit from the “Arithmetic” library and place the adder into your
AddMachine subcircuit.
4. Load in the Memory Library if it is not already loaded (go to Project->Load Library->Built in
Library and select “Memory”). This library contains memory elements used to keep state in a
circuit. A new “Memory” folder will appear in the circuit browser.
5. Select the register from the “Memory” folder and place one register into your subcircuit.
Below is an image diagraming the parts of a register.
6. Connect a clock to your register. You can find the clock circuit element in the “Wiring” folder
in the circuit browser.
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7. Connect the output of the adder to the input of the register and the output of the register to
the input of the adder.
You may get a “Incompatible widths” error when you try to connect components. This means
that your wire is trying to connect two pins together with diferent bit widths. If you click on
the adder with the “Selection” tool, you will notice that there is a “Data Bit Width” property in
the bottom left field of the window. This value determines the number of bits each input and
output the adder has. Change this field to 8 and the “Incompatible widths” error should be
resolved.
8. Wire an 8-bit constant 1 to the second input of the adder. You can find the “constant” circuit
element in the “Wiring” library.
9. Add two output pins to your circuit so that you may monitor what comes out of the adder and
the register. Make sure the output is 8 bits. Thus, by the end, your circuit should look like as
follows:
Now let’s see if you built your circuit correctly.
1. Go back to the “main” subcircuit by double clicking on “main” in the circuit browser.
2. Single click on your “AddMachine” circuit to select it.
3. Change the “Facing” property to another direction. Any circuit with the “Facing” property can
be rotated to accomodate wires as you need them. This will definately be useful when you do
your project.
4. Place your AddMachine subcircuit into the main subcircuit.
5. Select the AddMachine subcircuit you just placed into main.
6. Connect output pins to the AddMachine subcircuit. Output pins are ordered top to bottom,
left to right. Thus, if you followed the schematic above, then the top pin on the right side
outputs the value of the adder, and the bottom pin is the output of the register.
7. Right click on your AddMachine subcircuit, and select “View AddMachine. This is the ONLY
method to preserve state (i.e. keep register values at its current value). Double-clicking on
the circuit at the circuit browser at left makes logisim think you want to edit the circuit
instead of just checking what state the circuit has.
Note: You can use Simulate->Go In To State->*Circuit Name*, but that allows you go into the
first circuit of that type. If you placed two Fib8 circuits down, it only takes you to the first
Fib8 circuit you put down.
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8. Initialize the register value to 1. You can do this by first, clicking on the register value with
the poke tool. Then, type the hex value in.
9. To return to the main circuit while preserving state, go to Simulate->Go Out To State->main.
Alternatively, you can hold the Command key (control on windows) and press Up-Arrow.
10. Now start running your circuit by going to Simulate->Ticks Enabled (or Command/Control +
K). Your circuit should now be outputting a counter in binary form.
11. If you want to run your circuit faster, you can change the tick frequency in Simulate->Tick
Frequency.
Checkof
Show your AddMachine circuit to your TA.
Part 3: FSMs to digital logic
Now we’re ready to do something really cool; translate a FSM into a digital logic circuit.
If you’ve been paying attention in lecture you’ve noticed that the circuit we built in part 2 looks
eerily similar to the diagram of a general FSM circuit. We’re going to modify our circuit to
implement the following FSM:
If two ones in a row or two zeroes in a row have ever been seen, output zeros forever. Otherwise,
output a one.
1. Note that the FSM is implemented by the following diagram:
2. Observe that the following is a truth table for the FSM:
st1 st0 input | next
st1
next
st0 output
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0 0 0 | 0 1 1
0 0 1 | 1 0 1
0 1 0 | 1 1 0
0 1 1 | 1 0 1
1 0 0 | 0 1 1
1 0 1 | 1 1 0
1 1 0 | 1 1 0
1 1 1 | 1 1 0
3. We’ve provided you with a starter Logisim circuit to start out.
$ cp ~cs61c/labs/05/FSM.circ ~/lab5
4. Note that the top level of the circuit looks almost exactly the same as our previous adder
circuit, but now there’s a FSMLogic block instead of an adder block. FSMLogic is the
combinational logic block for this FSM. We have handled the output bit for you, as it’s the
most complicated to simplify and implement. You should complete the circuit by completing
the StateBitOne and StateBitZero subcircuits, which produces the next state bits.
You could go from the truth table to SOP to a circuit, or you could notice that for each state
bit, there are only two situations in which it is zero. This could make your life easier if you
think a bit outside the box…
Checkof
Show your StateBitZero circuit to your TA and demonstrate that it behaves correctly.
Show your StateBitOne circuit to your TA and demonstrate that it behaves correctly.