Description
Questions:
Q1. The Internet Ping command bounces a small packet(s) to test network communications, and then
shows how long this packet(s) took to make the round trip. The Internet Ping program works much like
a sonar echo-location, sending a small packet of information containing an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to a
specified computer, which then sends an ECHO_REPLY packet in return. Explore more about the ping
command and answer the following questions (Unix or GNU/Linux version only):
a) What is the option required to specify the number of echo requests to send with ping command?
b) What is the option required to set time interval (in seconds), rather than the default one second
interval, between two successive ping ECHO_REQUESTs?
c) What is the command to send ECHO_REQUEST packets to the destination one after another
without waiting for a reply? What is the limit for sending such ECHO_REQUEST packets by
normal users (not super user)?
d) What is the command to set the ECHO_REQUEST packet size (in bytes)? If the PacketSize is set
to 32 bytes, what will be the total packet size?
Q2. Select six hosts of your choice in the Internet (mention the list in your report) and experiment with
pinging each host 25 times at three different hours of the day. Check if there exist cases, which show
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packet loss greater than 0% and provide reasoning. Find out average RTT for each host and explain
whether measured RTTs are strongly or weakly correlated with the geographical distance of the hosts.
Pick one of the above used hosts and repeat the experiment with different packet sizes ranging from
64 bytes to 2048 bytes. Plot the average RTT, and explain how change in packet size and time of the day
impact RTT. You can use the following online tools for this experiment:
i) http://www.spfld.com/ping.html
ii) https://www.subnetonline.com/pages/network-tools/online-ping-ipv4.php
Q3. Select an IP address (e.g., 202.141.80.14) of your choice connected in the intranet (mention the
address in your report). Capture the outcome of 1,000 pings in two separate files by executing the
following ping commands.
– ping -n
– ping -p ff00
Come up with a method to read and analyse the observations captured in the files and answer the
following questions. You are free to look for a tool, programming/scripting language that is best
suitable for the task and learn just enough of it to get the analysis done.
a) What was the packet loss rate for each command?
b) What was the minimum, maximum, mean, and median latency of the pings that succeeded?
Ignore pings that failed in the calculation.
c) Plot graphs to visualise the normal distribution of the ping latencies. The goal here is to find a
method to present the data in a way that is clear and easy to understand.
d) Describe the significant network behaviour you observed between the two experiments. The
two scenarios were set up to be very similar except for two aspects. Describe your answer
precisely, as best as you can.
Q4. With regard to ifconfig and route commands, answer the following questions:
a) Run ifconfig command and describe its output (identify and explain as much of what is printed
on the screen as you can).
b) What options can be provided with the ifconfig command? Mention and explain at least four
options.
c) Explain the output of route command.
d) Mention and explain at least four options of the route command. Execute the route command
with these four options and show the output.
Q5. Answer the following questions related to netstat command.
a) What is the command netstat used for?
b) What parameters for netstat should you use to show all the established TCP connections?
Include a screenshot of this list for your computer and explain all the fields of the table in the
output.
c) What does “netstat –r” show? Explain all the fields of the output.
d) What option of netstat can be used to display the status of all network interfaces? By using
netstat, figure out the number of interfaces on your computer.
e) What option of netstat can be used to show the statistics of all UDP connections? Run the
command for this purpose on your computer and show the output.
f) Show and explain the function of loopback interface.
Q6. What is a traceroute tool used for? Perform a traceroute experiment (with same hosts used in Q2)
at three different hours of the day, and then answer the questions below. Use any one of the following
online tools for this experiment:
http://ping.eu;
http://www.cogentco.com/en/network/looking-glass;
https://www.ultratools.com/tools/traceRoute;
http://network-tools.com;
a) List out the hop counts for each host in each time slot. Determine the common hops between
two routes if they exist.
b) Check and explain the reason if route to same host changes at different times of the day.
c) Inspect the cases when traceroute does not find complete paths to some hosts and provide
reasoning.
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d) Is it possible to find the route to certain hosts which fail to respond with ping experiment? Give
reasoning.
Q7. Answer the following questions with regard to network addresses.
a) How do you show the full ARP table for your machine? Explain each column of the ARP table.
b) Check and explain what happens if you try and use the arp command to add or delete an entry
to the ARP table. Find out how to add, delete or change entries in the ARP table. Use this
mechanism to add at least four new hosts to the ARP table and include a printout.
c) What are the parameters that determine how long the entries in the cache of the ARP module of
the kernel remain valid and when they get deleted from the cache? Describe a trial-and-error
method to discover the timeout value for the ARP cache entries.
d) What will happen if two IP addresses map to the same Ethernet address? Be specific on how all
hosts on the subnet operate.
Q8. Local network analysis: Query your LAN using the nmap command to discover which hosts are
online. Use a command such as: nmap –n –sP (e.g., 172.16.112.0/26)
You can choose a different LAN subnet address as well (make sure you report the same in your report
explicitly).
Now run the command repeatedly at different times of the day, and find the number of hosts online. Do
it for at least 6 times with sufficient time gap. Plot a graph against time to see if there are any hourly
trends for when computers are switched ON or OFF in your LAN.
