Description
In this lab we will develop a Web server in two steps. In the end, you will
have built a multi-threaded Web server that is capable of processing multiple
simultaneous service requests in parallel. You should be able to demonstrate
that your Web server is capable of delivering your home page to a Web browser.
We are going to implement version 1.0 of HTTP, as defined in RFC 1945, where
separate HTTP requests are sent for each component of the Web page. The server
will be able to handle multiple simultaneous service requests in parallel. This
means that the Web server is multi-threaded. In the main thread, the server
listens to a fixed port. When it receives a TCP connection request, it sets up
a TCP connection through another port and services the request in a separate
thread. To simplify this programming task, we will develop the code in two
stages. In the first stage, you will write a multi-threaded server that simply
displays the contents of the HTTP request message that it receives. After this
program is running properly, you will add the code required to generate an
appropriate response.
As you are developing the code, you can test your server from a Web browser.
But remember that you are not serving through the standard port 80, so you need
to specify the port number within the URL that you give to your browser. For
example, if your machine’s name is host.someschool.edu, your server is
listening to port 6789, and you want to retrieve the file index.html, then you
would specify the following URL within the browser:
http://host.someschool.edu:6789/index.html
If you omit “:6789”, the browser will assume port 80 which most likely will not
have a server listening on it.
When the server encounters an error, it sends a response message with the
appropriate HTML source so that the error information is displayed in the
browser window.
Web Server in Java: Part A
In the following steps, we will go through the code for the first
implementation of our Web Server. Wherever you see “?”, you will need to supply
a missing detail.
Our first implementation of the Web server will be multi-threaded, where the
processing of each incoming request will take place inside a separate thread of
execution. This allows the server to service multiple clients in parallel, or
to perform multiple file transfers to a single client in parallel. When we
create a new thread of execution, we need to pass to the Thread’s constructor
an instance of some class that implements the Runnable interface. This is the
reason that we define a separate class called HttpRequest. The structure of the
Web server is shown below:
import java.io.* ;
import java.net.* ;
import java.util.* ;
public final class WebServer
{
public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception
{
. . .
}
}
final class HttpRequest implements Runnable
{
. . .
}
Normally, Web servers process service requests that they receive through
well-known port number 80. You can choose any port higher than 1024, but
remember to use the same port number when making requests to your Web server
from your browser.
public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception
{
// Set the port number.
int port = 6789;
. . .
}
Next, we open a socket and wait for a TCP connection request. Because we will
be servicing request messages indefinitely, we place the listen operation
inside of an infinite loop. This means we will have to terminate the Web server
by pressing ^C on the keyboard.
// Establish the listen socket.
?
// Process HTTP service requests in an infinite loop.
while (true) {
// Listen for a TCP connection request.
?
. . .
}
When a connection request is received, we create an HttpRequest object, passing
to its constructor a reference to the Socket object that represents our
established connection with the client.
// Construct an object to process the HTTP request message.
HttpRequest request = new HttpRequest( ? );
// Create a new thread to process the request.
Thread thread = new Thread(request);
// Start the thread.
thread.start();
In order to have the HttpRequest object handle the incoming HTTP service
request in a separate thread, we first create a new Thread object, passing to
its constructor a reference to the HttpRequest object, and then call the
thread’s start() method.
After the new thread has been created and started, execution in the main thread
returns to the top of the message processing loop. The main thread will then
block, waiting for another TCP connection request, while the new thread
continues running. When another TCP connection request is received, the main
thread goes through the same process of thread creation regardless of whether
the previous thread has finished execution or is still running.
This completes the code in main(). For the remainder of the lab, it remains to
develop the HttpRequest class.
We declare two variables for the HttpRequest class: CRLF and socket. According
to the HTTP specification, we need to terminate each line of the server’s
response message with a carriage return (CR) and a line feed (LF), so we have
defined CRLF as a convenience. The variable socket will be used to store a
reference to the connection socket, which is passed to the constructor of this
class. The structure of the HttpRequest class is shown below:
final class HttpRequest implements Runnable
{
final static String CRLF = “\r\n”;
Socket socket;
// Constructor
public HttpRequest(Socket socket) throws Exception
{
this.socket = socket;
}
// Implement the run() method of the Runnable interface.
public void run()
{
. . .
}
private void processRequest() throws Exception
{
. . .
}
}
In order to pass an instance of the HttpRequest class to the Thread’s
constructor, HttpRequest must implement the Runnable interface, which simply
means that we must define a public method called run() that returns void. Most
of the processing will take place within processRequest(), which is called from
within run().
Up until this point, we have been throwing exceptions, rather than catching
them. However, we can not throw exceptions from run(), because we must strictly
adhere to the declaration of run() in the Runnable interface, which does not
throw any exceptions. We will place all the processing code in
processRequest(), and from there, throw exceptions to run(). Within run(), we
explicitly catch and handle exceptions with a try/catch block.
// Implement the run() method of the Runnable interface.
public void run()
{
try {
processRequest();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
Now, let’s develop the code within processRequest(). We first obtain references
to the socket’s input and output streams. Then we wrap InputStreamReader and
BufferedReader filters around the input stream. However, we won’t wrap any
filters around the output stream, because we will be writing bytes directly
into the output stream.
private void processRequest() throws Exception
{
// Get a reference to the socket’s input and output streams.
InputStream is = ?;
DataOutputStream os = ?;
// Set up input stream filters.
?
BufferedReader br = ?;
. . .
}
Now we are prepared to get the client’s request message, which we do by reading
from the socket’s input stream. The readLine() method of the BufferedReader
class will extract characters from the input stream until it reaches an
end-of-line character, or in our case, the end-of-line character sequence CRLF.
The first item available in the input stream will be the HTTP request line.
(See Section 2.2 of the textbook for a description of this and the following
fields.)
// Get the request line of the HTTP request message.
String requestLine = ?;
// Display the request line.
System.out.println();
System.out.println(requestLine);
After obtaining the request line of the message header, we obtain the header
lines. Since we don’t know ahead of time how many header lines the client will
send, we must get these lines within a looping operation.
// Get and display the header lines.
String headerLine = null;
while ((headerLine = br.readLine()).length() != 0) {
System.out.println(headerLine);
}
We don’t need the header lines, other than to print them to the screen, so we
use a temporary String variable, headerLine, to hold a reference to their
values. The loop terminates when the expression
(headerLine = br.readLine()).length()
evaluates to zero, which will occur when headerLine has zero length. This will
happen when the empty line terminating the header lines is read. (See the HTTP
Request Message diagram in Section 2.2 of the textbook)
In the next step of this lab, we will add code to analyze the client’s request
message and send a response. But before we do this, let’s try compiling our
program and testing it with a browser. Add the following lines of code to close
the streams and socket connection.
// Close streams and socket.
os.close();
br.close();
socket.close();
After your program successfully compiles, run it with an available port number,
and try contacting it from a browser. To do this, you should enter into the
browser’s address text box the IP address of your running server. For example,
if your machine name is host.someschool.edu, and you ran the server with port
number 6789, then you would specify the following URL:
http://host.someschool.edu:6789/
The server should display the contents of the HTTP request message. Check that
it matches the message format shown in the HTTP Request Message diagram in
Section 2.2 of the textbook.
Web Server in Java: Part B
Instead of simply terminating the thread after displaying the browser’s HTTP
request message, we will analyze the request and send an appropriate response.
We are going to ignore the information in the header lines, and use only the
file name contained in the request line. In fact, we are going to assume that
the request line always specifies the GET method, and ignore the fact that the
client may be sending some other type of request, such as HEAD or POST.
We extract the file name from the request line with the aid of the
StringTokenizer class. First, we create a StringTokenizer object that contains
the string of characters from the request line. Second, we skip over the method
specification, which we have assumed to be “GET”. Third, we extract the file
name.
// Extract the filename from the request line.
StringTokenizer tokens = new StringTokenizer(requestLine);
tokens.nextToken(); // skip over the method, which should be “GET”
String fileName = tokens.nextToken();
// Prepend a “.” so that file request is within the current directory.
fileName = “.” + fileName;
Because the browser precedes the filename with a slash, we prefix a dot so that
the resulting pathname starts within the current directory.
Now that we have the file name, we can open the file as the first step in
sending it to the client. If the file does not exist, the FileInputStream()
constructor will throw the FileNotFoundException. Instead of throwing this
possible exception and terminating the thread, we will use a try/catch
construction to set the boolean variable fileExists to false. Later in the
code, we will use this flag to construct an error response message, rather than
try to send a nonexistent file.
// Open the requested file.
FileInputStream fis = null;
boolean fileExists = true;
try {
fis = new FileInputStream(fileName);
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
fileExists = false;
}
There are three parts to the response message: the status line, the response
headers, and the entity body. The status line and response headers are
terminated by the character sequence CRLF. We are going to respond with a
status line, which we store in the variable statusLine, and a single response
header, which we store in the variable contentTypeLine. In the case of a
request for a nonexistent file, we return 404 Not Found in the status line of
the response message, and include an error message in the form of an HTML
document in the entity body.
// Construct the response message.
String statusLine = null;
String contentTypeLine = null;
String entityBody = null;
if (fileExists) {
statusLine = ?;
contentTypeLine = “Content-type: ” +
contentType( fileName ) + CRLF;
} else {
statusLine = ?;
contentTypeLine = ?;
entityBody = “<HTML>” +
“<HEAD><TITLE>Not Found</TITLE></HEAD>” +
“<BODY>Not Found</BODY></HTML>”;
}
When the file exists, we need to determine the file’s MIME type and send the
appropriate MIME-type specifier. We make this determination in a separate
private method called contentType(), which returns a string that we can include
in the content type line that we are constructing.
Now we can send the status line and our single header line to the browser by
writing into the socket’s output stream.
// Send the status line.
os.writeBytes(statusLine);
// Send the content type line.
os.writeBytes(?);
// Send a blank line to indicate the end of the header lines.
os.writeBytes(CRLF);
Now that the status line and header line with delimiting CRLF have been placed
into the output stream on their way to the browser, it is time to do the same
with the entity body. If the requested file exists, we call a separate method
to send the file. If the requested file does not exist, we send the
HTML-encoded error message that we have prepared.
// Send the entity body.
if (fileExists) {
sendBytes(fis, os);
fis.close();
} else {
os.writeBytes(?);
}
After sending the entity body, the work in this thread has finished, so we
close the streams and socket before terminating.
We still need to code the two methods that we have referenced in the above
code, namely, the method that determines the MIME type, contentType(), and the
method that writes the requested file onto the socket’s output stream. Let’s
first take a look at the code for sending the file to the client.
private static void sendBytes(FileInputStream fis, OutputStream os)
throws Exception
{
// Construct a 1K buffer to hold bytes on their way to the socket.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int bytes = 0;
// Copy requested file into the socket’s output stream.
while((bytes = fis.read(buffer)) != -1 ) {
os.write(buffer, 0, bytes);
}
}
Both read() and write() throw exceptions. Instead of catching these exceptions
and handling them in our code, we throw them to be handled by the calling
method.
The variable, buffer, is our intermediate storage space for bytes on their way
from the file to the output stream. When we read the bytes from the
FileInputStream, we check to see if read() returns minus one, indicating that
the end of the file has been reached. If the end of the file has not been
reached, read() returns the number of bytes that have been placed into buffer.
We use the write() method of the OutputStream class to place these bytes into
the output stream, passing to it the name of the byte array, buffer, the
starting point in the array, 0, and the number of bytes in the array to write,
bytes.
The final piece of code needed to complete the Web server is a method that will
examine the extension of a file name and return a string that represents it’s
MIME type. If the file extension is unknown, we return the type
application/octet-stream.
private static String contentType(String fileName)
{
if(fileName.endsWith(“.htm”) || fileName.endsWith(“.html”)) {
return “text/html”;
}
if(?) {
?;
}
if(?) {
?;
}
return “application/octet-stream”;
}
There is a lot missing from this method. For instance, nothing is returned for
GIF or JPEG files. You may want to add the missing file types yourself, so that
the components of your home page are sent with the content type correctly
specified in the content type header line. For GIFs the MIME type is image/gif
and for JPEGs it is image/jpeg.
This completes the code for the second phase of development of your Web server.
Try running the server from the directory where your home page is located, and
try viewing your home page files with a browser. Remember to include a port
specifier in the URL of your home page, so that your browser doesn’t try to
connect to the default port 80. When you connect to the running web server with
the browser, examine the GET message requests that the web server receives from
the browser.
