Description
Goal
The goal of this assignment is to examine asynchronous programming and threads. You are
given a C file that models a simplified disk with asynchronous read operations, simulated DMA,
and interrupts. You are also given four programs that perform a sequence of disk reads in
different ways. The first of these programs is completely implemented. It access the disk
sequentially, waiting for each request to finish before moving on. The next two programs are
partly implemented, with the rest left to you. The first improves on the sequential version using
asynchronous, event-driven programming. You will gain some experience with this style of
programming and then compare the runtime performance of the two alternatives. The second
uses threads to turn the asynchronous operations into synchronous ones, allowing you to write
code like the synchronous program and get performance like the asynchronous one. The final
program goes back to the asynchronous model for a more interesting challenge.
Background
The Simulated Disk
The simulated disk is implemented in the file disk.c and its public interface is in disk.h.
You can completely ignore the implementation; you’ll just use it.
Recall that a disk contains a collection of blocks named by a block number. Programs running
on the CPU request disk blocks (usually 4-KB or so at a time) using a combination of PIO, DMA
and interrupts. They use PIO to tell the disk controller which blocks they want and where in
memory they want the disk to place the data (i.e., the content of the blocks). The disk controller
uses DMA to transfer this data into memory and then sends an interrupt to the CPU to inform it
that the transfer has completed. The total elapsed time for this operation is referred to as the
latency of the read.
Our simulated disk models a fixed, per-access read latency of 10 ms (1 ms is 10-3 seconds),
which is about the average access time of real disks. This means that it takes the disk 10 ms to
process a single read request. However, the disk can process multiple requests in parallel.
When it completes a request, it does what a real disk does, it uses a direct-memory transfer
(DMA) to copy the disk data into main memory and it delivers an interrupt to the CPU. In this
case, of course, the DMA is just a memory-to-memory copy between parts of your program’s
memory. And the interrupt is delivered by calling a specified handling procedure you register
when you initialize the disk.
To initialize the disk to use an interrupt handler called interrupt_service_routine, you
call the following procedure at the beginning of your program (all of the provided files already
do this).
disk_start (interrupt_service_routine);
To request that the content of the disk block numbered blockno be transferred memory at the
address stored in result, you do this.
disk_schedule_read (result, blockno);
This procedure returns immediately. Then 10ms later, the target data is copied into memory at
the address in result and an interrupted is delivered to you by calling
interrupt_service_routine. The disk completes reads in request order, and calls
interrupt_service_routine for each completion.
Like a real disk, multiple calls to disk_schedule_read will be handled in parallel; this fact
is helpful to know when comparing the performance of the different versions of the read
programs you will be modifying and running.
Unlike a real disk, each block of this disk is just an integer. So, for example to schedule a read of
the value of block 1234 into the variable result, you could do something like this.
int result;
disk_schedule_read (&result, 1234);
But, be careful, because this read will happen later and so be sure that (a) result isn’t a local
variable that is deallocated before the read completes and (b) if you have multiple outstanding
disk reads, they don’t all use the same result variable.
Note — and this is important — the interrupt operates just like a real interrupt. It will interrupt
your program at some arbitrary point to run your interrupt service routine (isr) and then continue,
your program when the isr completes. There are some potentially difficult (and I truly mean
horrible) issues that arise if your program and the isr access any data structures in common or if
the isr calls any non-reentrant procedure (e.g., malloc or free). You are provided with the
implementation of a reentrant, thread-safe queue that is safe to access from the handler and your
program. It is also okay to access the target data buffer (buf) in the handler. Do not access any
other data structures in the handler and do not call free from the handler (its okay to call
dequeue).
The Queue
The files queue.c and queue.h provide you with a thread-safe, re-entrant implementation of
a queue. If you need to enqueue information in your program that is dequeued in the interrupt
handler, use this queue.
To create a queue named something like prq, for example, you declare the variable like this.
queue_t prq;
Then before you use the queue you need to initialize it, in main, for example like this.
prq = queue_create();
To add an the tuple (val, arg, callback) to the queue do this (note that arg isn’t needed until the
last question, so you an use NULL for this parameter in the meantime).
queue_enqueue (prq, val, arg, callback);
To get a tuple from the queue, declare variables to store the results and then pass them by
reference to dequeue:
void *val, *arg;
void (*callback) (void*,void*);
queue_dequeue (prq, &val, &arg, &callback);
Or if you aren’t using arg:
void *val;
void (*callback) (void*,void*);
queue_dequeue (prq, &val, NULL, &callback);
Timing the Execution of a Program
The UNIX command time can be prepended to any command to time its execution. When the
command finishes you get a report of three times: the total elapsed clock time, the time spent in
user-mode (i.e., your program code) and the time spent system-mode (i.e., the operating system).
The format is otherwise a bit different on different platforms.
For example if you type this:
time ./sRead 100
You will get something like this on Mac OS when sRead completes:
1.074u 0.010s 0:01.08 100.0% 0+0k 0+0io 0pf+0w
And on Linux:
real 0m1.100s
user 0m1.084s
sys 0m0.000s
Ignore the user (u) and sys (s) times; they really are approximations. Pay attention only to the
real, elapsed time, which is 1.08 s in the Mac example and 1.1 s in the Linux example.
You will use this command to assess and compare the runtime performance of the three
alternative programs.
Hints: Creating and Joining with Threads in Run
You should create a separate thread for each call to read using:
uthread_create (void* (*start_proc)(void*), void* start_arg)
Also note that it is necessary to joint with a thread (i.e, uthread_join(t)) if you want to
wait until the thread completes. You will need to do this in run, because when main returns the
program will terminate, even if there are other threads running.
Hints: Blocking and Unblocking Threads
A thread can block itself at any time by calling uthread_block. Another thread can wakeup
a blocked thread (t) by calling uthread_unblock(t). Recall that you will need to block
threads after they call disk_scheduleRead and before they call handleRead. And that
this blocked thread should be awoken when the disk read on which it is waiting has completed.
Also recall that a thread can obtain its own identity (e.g., for unblocking) by calling
uthread_self().
What to Do
Download the Provided Code
The file www.ugrad.cs.ubc.ca/~cs213/cur/assignments/a9/code.zip contains the code files you
will use for this assignment this includes the implementation of uthreads, spinlocks, a simulated
disk, and other files used in each of the questions below.
Question 1: Synchronous Disk Read by Wasting CPU Time
Examine the program sRead.c, compile it by typing make sRead and run it.
You run it from the command line with one argument, the number of reads to perform. For
example, to perform 100 reads, you type this:
./sRead 100
You might want to add some printf’s to get a better idea of what is happening. Be sure that
you understand what is_read_pending is and how it is used. Before moving to the next
step be sure that you remove any printf’s that you added.
Finally, time the execution of the program for executions that read various numbers of blocks.
For example
time ./sRead 10
time ./sRead 100
time ./sRead 1000
Knowing how the simulated disk and this program perform you should be able to explain why
you see the runtime performance you do.
Record your data, observations, and explanation in the file Q1.txt.
Question 2: Implement Asynchronous Read — aRead.c
Step 1
Open aRead.c in an editor and examine it carefully. This version of the read program will use
event-driven style programming to handle the disk reads asynchronously. That is, each read
request registers a completion routine and returns immediately. The completion routines are then
called by the disk interrupt service routine when each read completes.
The interrupt_service_routine and some other code is provided. You must
implement the handle_read procedure and the code that schedules the reads in main. Note
that there is an infinite loop at the end of main. This is needed because the program will
terminate when main returns even if there are some reads that haven’t completed. And, of
course, NONE of them will have completed since all that will have happened by the time you
reach the end of main is that you will have scheduled all of the reads; none of them will have
completed yet. The program will terminate when exit() is called, as you can see in
handle_read_and_exit.
Compile and test your program and be sure that it produces the same output as sRead.
Step 2
To get a better understanding of how the interrupt interleaves with your program, run your
programming in the debugger and set a breakpoint in interrupt_service_routine.
When it stops, print out a stack trace. You will see something like this, for example.
* frame #0: 0x00000001000007db aRead`interrupt_service_routine at aRead.c:23
frame #1: 0x0000000100000d58 aRead`deliverInterrupt at disk.c:105
frame #2: 0x0000000100000e1a aRead`handleTimerInterrupt(signo=14, info=0x00007ffeefbff620,
uap=0x00007ffeefbff688) at disk.c:118
frame #3: 0x00007fff76328f5a libsystem_platform.dylib`_sigtramp + 26
frame #4: 0x0000000100000a00 aRead`main(argc=2, argv=0x00007ffeefbff7d8) at aRead.c:65
frame #5: 0x00007fff760a7115 libdyld.dylib`start + 1
frame #6: 0x00007fff760a7115 libdyld.dylib`start + 1
Look at activation frame #4 in this example (your stack trace will be a bit different). It shows the
program running at aRead.c at line 65, which is the infinite while loop at the end of main.
Frame #3 is the “interrupt” (actually a timer signal delivered by the operating system to
disk.c, which is how we simulate interrupts). Frames #2 and #1 are code in the simulated disk
that handle this interrupt and translate it into a call your isr, which is the top frame, stopped at the
breakpoint.
Step 3
Now, measure the runtime performance of aRead for executions that read different numbers of
disk blocks as you did with sRead and so that you can directly compare their performance.
There is some experimental error and so you should run each case at least three times and take
the minimum. The reason for taking the minimum is that this is the most reliable way to factor
out extraneous events that you see as noise in your numbers. Obviously, this is not a good way
to determine the expected behaviour of the programs; its just a good way to compare them.
Now you know more and have more data. Record the time values you observe for both aRead
and sRead for a few different numbers of reads. Be sure to choose meaningful values for this
parameter; e.g., at least a small one of around 10 and a large one of around 1000 (though if your
system is too slow to run either of these for 1000, choose a smaller number). Explain what you
observe: both what and why. The why part is important: carefully explain why one of these is
faster than the other.
Record your data, observations, and explanation in the file Q2.txt.
Question 3: Using Threads to Hide Asynchrony
Now open the new file tRead.c in an editor and examine it carefully. The goal in this new
version is to read and handle disk blocks sequentially in a manner similar to sRead but to do so
using threads to get performance similar to aRead.
To do this, it will be necessary to create multiple threads so that threads can stop to wait for disk
reads to complete without the negative performance consequences seen in sRead.c.
See the Background section above for some notes that help with the implementation.
This time you must implement the interrupt_service_routine yourself.
Compile and test your program.
Evaluate this version as you did the other two. Compare their performance and record your data.
Compare both the elapsed time (as you have previous) and the system time of aRead and
tRead, which measures the approximate amount of time the program spends running in the
operating system. If there is a significant difference note it.
Record your data, observations, and explanation in the file Q3.txt.
Question 4: More Fun with Asynchronous Programming
In this final step you will implement a program that goes on a treasure hunt through the disk.
The program’s command-line argument is the block number where the hunt will start. In the first
step of the hunt, you must read the value of this block. This value will tell you two things: (1)
the number of additional steps to perform and (2) the address of the next block to read. In each
subsequent step the block value that is read gives you the block number of the next block to read.
Print out the value of the last block you read.
For example if you type this
./treasureHunt 21
You should read block 21 first. Let’s assume that the value of block 21 is 7. If so, you should
read 7 more blocks, starting with block number 7. If the value of block 7 is 12, then that is the
third block you read, an so on. Note that in total you will have read 8 blocks.
The code pack includes the starter file for treasureHunt.c. Work incrementally. You can
use aRead as a guide to get started. A good first step would be to read the value of the initial
block and print it. Then a good second step would be to read the second block and print its
value. Now think about adding the counter argument to the callback (that’s what arg is for) and
counting down. Finally, be sure that you only print the value of the last block and that your
program terminates when its done.
What to Hand In
Use the handin program.
The assignment directory is ~/cs213/a9, it should contain the following plain-text files.
1. PARTNER.txt containing your partner’s CS login id and nothing else (i.e., the 4- or 5-
digit id in the form a0z1). Your partner should not submit anything.
2. For Question 1: Q1.txt.
3. For Question 2: aRead.c and Q2.txt.
4. For Question 3: tRead.c and Q3.txt.
5. For Question 4: treasureHunt.c.
