Description
The goal of this assignment is to create a simple chat application in Erlang which we dub TChat. This
document is structured as follows:
• Section 1 presents the assignment policies.
• Section 2 describes the actors involved in the TChat application.
• Section 3 describes the message protocol associated to each operation that is to be supported by the
actors of TChat.
• Section 4 presents submission instructions.
1 Assignment Policies
Collaboration Policy. This homework may be done individually or in pairs. Use of the Internet is
allowed, but should not include searching for existing solutions.
Under absolutely no circumstances can code be exchanged between students. Excerpts of
code presented in class can be used.
Assignments from previous offerings of the course must not be reused. Violations will be
penalized appropriately.
Late Policy. Late submissions are allowed with a penalty of 2 points per hour past the deadline.
2 A High-Level Overview of TChat
TChat consists of 4 primary actors or process types and their corresponding Erlang modules:
∗Based on http://www.cse.chalmers.se/edu/year/2018/course/TDA384_LP1/cchat/. Note, however, that
this assignment is different both in its actors and messaging protocols.
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• GUIs (gui.erl): code provided for you.
• Clients (client.erl): must complete stub provided.
• A server (server.erl): must complete stub provided.
• Chatrooms (chatroom.erl): must complete stub provided.
There is also a main.erl module to start the program, as well as some additional auxiliary files that will
be described below (all of which are provided).
The good news is that you are given the entirety of gui.erl, and part of client.erl! The even better
news is that you will still have plenty of opportunity to practice message passing throughout the rest of
the modules!
But how does this all work?
In addition to the process types mentioned above, there is of course the human user “process”. Its role
is important because the functionality of this program will be described in terms of the user’s commands.
The user can enter commands into the graphical user interface or GUI. Here is an image of two GUI
processes, pictured side-by-side, corresponding to two different clients:
Each GUI process has a system tab named “System”. It also has zero or more chatroom tabs, corresponding
to each of the chatrooms that the human user is participating in. Chatroom names always start with a
hashtag. The current active/open tab is indicated by writing its name in boldface. Each GUI process also
has a command line entry pane, located at the bottom. In order to interact with the TChat system, users
may enter any of the following commands in the command line entry pane:
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/join #chatroom name join chatroom with name “#chatroom name”.
/leave leave chatroom who’s tab is currently active/open.
/leave #chatroom name leave chatroom with name “#chatroom name”.
/whoami what is current nickname?
/nick new nickname change nickname from current nickname to
“new nickname”. Must start with lowercase
some string of text send a message “some string of text” to chatroom
who’s tab is currently active/open.
/quit quit. Just that user’s GUI and client exit, while server and
chatrooms stay running.
2.1 Processes and their Local State
Each process has a local state. For example, the local state of a client includes its nickname and the
chatrooms that it is connected to. The local state of a process is modeled as a parameter, of some
appropriate record type, of the main loop function of the process (typically called loop). This section
describes the local state, and the corresponding record type that holds it, for each process in TChat that
you will have to implement, namely client, server and chatroom. All record types introduced below are
declared in the header file defs.hrl.
2.1.1 Client (client.erl)
The client has the following properties: a nickname that is unique across the running of this program, a
number of connected chatrooms, and the name of the gui process with which it has an exclusive connection.
These properties make up the client’s local state. It is should always be kept track of in a record of type
cl st. Its declaration is given below:
-record(cl_st, {gui, nick, con_ch}).
cl st consists of the following fields:
• gui: a string representing the name under which the client’s corresponding GUI process is registered.
To look up the GUI’s PID, use whereis(list to atom(State#cl st.gui)). The GUI name
should be stored as a string.
• nick: the client’s current nickname. Nickname should be stored as a string.
• con ch: a map from chatroom names (string) to chatroom PIDs; this map models all chatrooms to
which the client is registered.
This state should be passed through each call to whatever repeated function you use to run/loop your
client.
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2.1.2 Server (server.erl)
The server has the following properties: a map of client PIDs to their current nickname (system wide), a
map of chatroom names (string) to a list of clients registered to the chatroom (list of PIDs), and a map of
chatroom names (string) to the corresponding chatroom PIDs. These properties make up the server’s local
state. It is should always be kept track of in a record of type serv st. Its declaration is given below:
-record(serv_st, {nicks, registrations, chatrooms}).
serv st consists of the following fields:
• nicks: a map from a client’s PID as the key to the nickname (string) under which the client is
currently registered as the value. It should be ensured that no two clients have the same nickname,
and a client is not allowed to change its nickname to a nickname currently in use by another client.
Look at the maps api in the Erlang docs to complete this. Additionally, nicknames should be stored
as strings.
• registrations: a map from a chatroom’s name (string) as the key to a list of the client processes’
PIDs of clients registered in that chatroom. At a given time, the map may look a bit like this:
{ “#soccer” => [<0.0.1>, <0.0.3>, …], “#swim meet” => [<0.0.2>, <0.0.3>,
<0.0.4>, …], … }
This map must be kept up to date as clients join and leave chatrooms.
• chatrooms: a map from a chatroom’s name (string) as the key to the chatroom’s corresponding
PID as the value.
The server is responsible for spawning any chatrooms that a client requests to join if they don’t exist, or
telling a chatroom the PID of a client that wants to join it if that chatroom already exists. Whether the
chatroom is newly spawned or already existent, the chatroom will be responsible, upon receipt of the new
client info, of informing the client about itself.
For the purposes of this assignment, it can be expected that a chatroom will not crash (unless there
are bugs in your code) and so there is no need for monitoring. It can also be assumed that once a chatroom
exists, it is never destroyed for the running duration of the program.
2.1.3 Chatroom (chatroom.erl)
The chatroom has the following properties: a name (string), a map from a client’s PID to a client’s
nickname (string) which represents clients registered to that chatroom, and a history of the chat since the
beginning of that chatroom’s life. These properties make up the chatroom’s local state. It is should always
be kept track of in a record of type chat st. Its declaration is given below:
-record(chat_st, {name, registrations, history}).
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chat st consists of the following fields:
• name: the name (string) of the chatroom.
• registrations: a map from a client’s PID to a client’s nickname (string). The map represents all
clients registered in that chatroom.
• history: chat history since the beginning of that chatroom. It should be represented as a list of
tuples, where each tuple is {Client nickname, Message}, both of which are strings.
The chatrooms will be responsible for propagating messages sent to it to all clients in the chatroom. The
chatroom depends on the server to update it when a client joins or leaves a chatroom, or changes its
nickname. Please note that messages (as in messages a user types to a chatroom) are sent directly to the
chatroom, and are not routed through the server first. See Figure 1, connection D. This will be discussed
in more detail below.
Figure 1: Layout of processes and connections.
3 Message Passing
The following sections will discuss the sequence of messages passed from process to process given certain
user input. We will use Figure 1 as a guide. The boxes in Figure 1 represent running processes. For example, in Figure 1 there are two GUI processes running, namely GUI1 and GUI2. Letters A to D represent
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communcation connections between processes.
When a process sends a message to another process along a certain connection, the letter denoting the
communication connection will refer to the messaging connection letters in Figure 1, and the messaging
connection letter will be in [square brackets].
As we will have to test all your code, it is important that you stick to the described message passing
protocols, or your code will fail our test cases. Additionally, we will be listening for all the proper
processes to be created, and for the correct processes to speak with each other in the specified portions of
the programs. In short, don’t get too creative and try to stick to the specs.
3.1 New client is initialized
When a new client is created, it automatically sends a message consisting of the tuple {self(),
connect, InitialState#cl st.nick} to the server. The server then stores that client’s PID
and nickname in its state (see server.erl:30). This is already implemented.
3.2 /join #chat
1. The GUI will send the message {request, self(), Ref, {join, ChatName}} to the client
[A].
2. The client checks in its cl st record to see if it is already in the chatroom. If the client is already
in the chatroom identified by ChatName, then the message {result, self(), Ref, err} [A]
should be sent back to the GUI, and the following steps should be skipped. Otherwise, if the client
is not in the chatroom, continue on to step 3.
3. Since the client is not currently in the chatroom identified by ChatName, the client should ask
the server to join said chatroom. The client will send the message {self(), Ref, join,
ChatName} [B] to the server.
4. Once the server receives the message from the client, the server needs to check if the chatroom
exists yet. This can be done using the chatrooms element of the serv st record. If the chatroom
does not yet exist, the server must spawn the chatroom.
5. Next, the server should look up the client’s nickname from the server’s serv st record.
6. Once either the existing chatroom PID is found or the new chatroom is spawned, the server must
tell the chatroom that the client is joining the chatroom. To achieve this, the server will send
the message {self(), Ref, register, ClientPID, ClientNick} [C] to the chatroom.
7. The server will then update its record of chatroom registrations to include the client in the list of
clients registered to that chatroom.
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8. Once the chatroom has received the message from the server, it will update its local record of registered clients. Then it will tell the client about itself by sending the following message to the client:
{self(), Ref, connect, State#chat st.history} [D] where State is the chatroom’s
chat st.
9. The client will receive the message, update its record of connected chatrooms, and send the message
{result, self(), Ref, History} [A] back to the GUI, where History is the chatroom
history received from the chatroom process.
10. The GUI code with which you have been provided will then handle that request and create the
appropriate tab, populating it with the chat history.
3.3 /leave or /leave #chat name
As far as the client is concerned, both of these commands are executed the same. In the case that the user
enters the command /leave, the GUI simply fills in #chat name by analyzing the active tab. Either
way, the same message is sent off to the client, and you can treat them as equivalent.
1. GUI sends the message {request, self(), Ref, {leave, ChatName}} [A] to the client.
2. The client needs to check that it is in the chatroom with the name ChatName. If the chatroom
is not found in the client’s list of connected chatrooms, then the client should send the message
{result, self(), Ref, err} [A] to the GUI, and should skip steps 3 and on.
3. If the chatroom is found, then the client should send the message {self(), Ref, leave,
ChatName} [B] to the server.
4. The server will lookup the chatroom’s PID from the server’s state serv st.
5. The server will remove the client from its local record of chatroom registrations.
6. The server will send the message {self(), Ref, unregister, ClientPID} [C] to the chatroom.
(a) the chatroom will remove the client from its record of registered clients.
7. The server will then send the message {self(), Ref, ack leave} [B] to the client.
8. The client will then remove the chatroom from its list of chatrooms.
9. The client will then send the message {result, self(), Ref, ok} [A] back to the GUI.
10. The GUI will handle deleting the tab and such.
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3.4 /whoami
1. The GUI sends the message {request, self (), Ref, whoami} [A] to the client.
2. The client will then send the message {result, self(), Ref, Nickname} [A] back to the
GUI, where Nickname is the nickname found in its state cl st.
3. The GUI will then take care of displaying the nickname in the System tab.
3.5 /nick new nickname
1. The GUI will send a message {request, self (), Ref, {nick, Nick}} [A] to the client.
2. The client should check Nick against its current nickname. If the client finds that Nick is the
same as current nickname, then the client should send a message to the GUI {result, self(),
Ref, err same} [A], and skip steps 3 and on.
3. If client finds that Nick is not the same as current nickname, then the client will send a message
{self(), Ref, nick, Nick} [B] to the server.
4. The server first needs to check if the new nickname Nick is already used. If the nickname is already
in use by another client, the server will send the message {self(), Ref, err nick used} [B]
back to the client, and the client will send the message {result, self(), Ref, err nick used}
[A] back to the GUI. If this is the case then skip steps 5 and on.
5. Since we now know that the new nickname Nick is free to be used, the server must update it’s
record of nicknames by pointing that client’s PID to the new nickname instead.
6. The server must now update all chatrooms to which the client belongs that the nickname of the
user has changed, by sending each relevant chatroom the message {self(), Ref, update nick,
ClientPID, NewNick} [C] to the chatrooms.
7. The server will then send the message {self(), Ref, ok nick} [B] to the client.
8. The client will then send the message {result, self(), Ref, ok nick} [A] back to the GUI.
9. The GUI will take care of alerting the user to the change in the System tab.
3.6 Send a message
The send-a-message protocol needs to be broken into two contexts: The client who initializes the chat
message, and the other clients in the chatroom to which the message is sent. The former of these will
be quite similar to what you have seen before. However, pay special attention to the latter half of the
protocol as it needs to use an API call that is otherwise not part of this assignment. This is necessary
just to simplify the message passing for you, and to simplify the GUI application for us. The first client
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(the one who sends the message) will be denoted sending client, and the clients who receive the message
initiated by sending client will be denoted as receiving client or receiving clients.
3.6.1 Sending client
Any text entry that the user enters into the graphical interface such that the first word is not prefaced
with a forward-slash (/) is recognized as an outgoing message. This message will be sent to the chatroom
identified by the active tab. Obviously a message being sent to the System tab is not allowed as this is
not a chatroom, but merely a place for all non-chat messages to be put. Fortunately, you do not need to
handle this as the message will be denied by the GUI code.
The protocol will be as follows:
1. The GUI will send the message {request, self(), Ref, {outgoing msg, ChatName, Message}}
[A] to the sending client.
2. The sending client must look up the PID of the chatroom in its list of connected chats.
3. The sending client will then send the message {self(), Ref, message, Message} [D] to the
chatroom.
4. The chatroom will then send back to the sending client the message {self(), Ref, ack msg}
[D] The chatroom’s behavior will be continued below, as it only relates to the receiving client(s).
5. The sending client will then send back the message {result, self(), Ref, {msg sent,
St#cl st.nick}} [A] to the GUI.
6. The GUI will then take care about posting to the chat history for the appropriate tab.
3.6.2 Receiving client(s)
This bit of the protocol picks up after the chatroom receives the new message from the sending client.
1. The chatroom will send a message {request, self(), Ref, {incoming msg, CliNick,
State#chat st.name, Message}} [D] to each receiving client registered to the chatroom
except for the sending client! In other words, if the clients Beezle, Bub, and Blitzen are registered
to the chatroom, and Bub sent the initial message to the chatroom, the chatroom will send this
message to Beezle and Blitzen.
2. The chatroom will then append the new Message to its own chat history. It does so by appending
{CliNick,Message} to the history field of the record holding its state .
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3. When the receiving client receives the message outlined in step 2, it will make the following function call:
gen server:call(list to atom(State#cl st.gui), {msg to GUI, ChatName, CliNick,
Msg}). See explanation below for information on what this is.
4. The GUI will then receive the message {msg to GUI, ChatName, CliNick, Msg} through that
function call in step 3, and post the message to the appropriate chatroom tab.
Explanation for gen server:call(…) function (if interested)
The gen server [link] is a server that is used in the GUI implementation. Since the GUI doesn’t have
any open receive statements listening for incoming messages, we needed to use the gen server as a way to
contact the GUI. For further reading, follow the link above, although you will have no need for greater
understanding in this assignment.
3.7 /quit
This section perhaps warrants the most detailed attention, as everything must be cleaned up properly.
When a user quits, the server and all chatrooms must be properly updated, and the client and GUI
must be properly spun down.
NOTE: if the GUI window does not close, BUT when you enter commands into the prompt and hit
enter, nothing happens, do not worry. There is some issue we were having with the visual element of the
GUI properly exiting, and it was frankly not worth our time to debug this as it does not affect the students’
end of the assignment. If someone comes up with a fix, that’s great and please let us know, but it is not
your responsibility to fix this.
1. The GUI will send the message {request, self(), Ref, quit} [A] to the client.
2. The client will send the message {self(), Ref, quit} [B] to the server.
3. The server must clean up a bit.
(a) Remove client from nicknames.
(b) Tell each chatroom to which the client is registered that the client is leaving. To do so, send
the message {self(), Ref, unregister, ClientPID} [C] to each chatroom in which
the client is registered. Note that this is the same message as when a client asks to leave a
chatroom, so this should be handled already.
(c) Remove client from the server’s copy of all chat registrations.
4. The server must then send the message {self(), Ref, ack quit} [B] to the client.
5. The client must then send the message {self(), Ref, ack quit} [A] to the GUI.
6. The client must then cleanly exit. The GUI will exit cleanly upon receiving the message from the
client (apart from in the situation discussed above).
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3.8 Specifics of implementation
1. There is a makefile attached. To build the application, typemake run into your terminal in the
directory containing your code. This will also launch the Erlang interpreter for you.
2. The program will be started with main:start(). This will spawn a server and 2 GUIs.
3. The caller can specify the number N of GUIs to be started initially with main:start(N).
4. The caller can run additional GUIs with gui:start gui().
The following items should be followed very closely. Failure to do so will cause the program to fail
test cases.
1. GUI code should not be altered to make your code work. We are testing your code as if the
GUI code has not been altered.
2. When a client receives the string of the name of a chatroom, it includes the pound symbol (#) at
the beginning of the chatroom name. Leave this in, and store this as part of the chatroom name.
3. Client’s nicknames should be stored as strings, not converted to atoms.
4. When the server registers a new client to a chatroom, append the new client to the front of
the chatroom’s registration list in the server state.
5. We will not test the order in which items appear in maps i.e.
{foo => ‘‘food’’, bar => ‘‘barber’’}
will be tested the same as
{bar => ‘‘barber’’, foo => ‘‘food’’}
but you should not go about recreating the maps library. Just use erlang’s library calls.
6. Do not alter the declaration of the records in defs.h. This includes ordering of its elements,
renaming its elements, etc. Leave defs.h alone.
7. Note that you should not create new references with make ref() anywhere in your code. The GUI
code will take care of creating a unique reference ID for each sequence, and you should use this
reference for the entirety of the messaging sequence. Creating new reference IDs will result in failing
test cases.
Above all, ask questions when you are confused! This is a complex assignment with a lot of intricate
details.
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3.9 Usage trace with expected states
This is an outline of the usage of the program (with some assumptions made about initial client nickname),
showing the states of all processes at the end. You can use this as a way to compare that your program
does what is expected.
1. main:start() is called, spawning 2 GUIs (client 1 with nickname “client1”, and client 2 with
nickname “client2”) and 1 server. The GUI for client 1 has name “gui1”, and the GUI for client 2
has name “gui2”
2. client 1 issues command /nick newclient1:
client 1 changes nickname to “newclient1”
3. client 1 issues command /nick newclient1 again:
client 1 tries to change nickname to “newclient1” again (and fails to do so)
4. client 1 issues command /nick client2:
client 1 tries to change nickname to “client2” (and fails to do so)
5. client 1 issues command /join #chat1:
client 1 joins chatroom 1 “#chat1”
6. client 1 issues command hello from the #chat1: tab
client 1 sends message “hello” to chatroom 1
7. client 1 issues command /nick newclient1 2:
client 1 changes nickname to “newclient1 2”
8. client 1 issues command /join #chat2:
client 1 joins chatroom 2 “#chat2”
9. client 1 issues command /nick newclient1 3:
client 1 changes nickname to “newclient1 3”
10. client 1 issues command /leave #chat1:
client 1 leaves chatroom #chat1
11. client 1 issues command /leave #notachatroom:
client 1 tries to leave some chatroom that does not exist or to which they are not connected (and
fails to do so)
12. client 2 issues command /join #chat1:
client 2 joins chatroom 1
13. client 2 issues command /join #chat2:
client 2 joins chatroom 2
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14. client 2 issues command world from the #chat2 tab:
client 2 sends message “world” to chatroom 2
15. client 1 issues command /join #chat1:
client 1 rejoins chatroom 1
16. client 1 issues command /join #chat1:
client 1 tries to join chatroom 1 again (and fails to do so)
The final states of all 5 processes will be as follows:
• Client 1:
{cl_st, “gui1″,”newclient1_3”,
#{“#chat1” =>
“#chat2” =>
• Client 2:
{cl_st, “gui2”, “client2”,
#{“#chat1” =>
“#chat2” =>
• Chatroom 1:
{chat_st,”#chat1″,
#{
[{“newclient1″,”hello”}]}
• Chatroom 2:
{chat_st,”#chat2″,
#{
[{“client2″,”world”}]}
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• Server:
{serv_st,
#{
#{“#chat1” => [
“#chat2” => [
#{“#chat1” =>
“#chat2” =>
4 Submission Instructions
Submit a file tchat.zip containing all the files listed below. The list below also indicates which files
from the stub you should have left unmodified and which ones you should have completed with your own
code. One submission per group.
File Name Do I have to modify this file?
chatroom.erl Yes
client.erl Yes
defs.hrl No
grm.yrl No
gui.erl No
lex.xrl No
lexgrm.erl No
main.erl No
makefile No
server.erl Yes
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